{"title":"Japanese Foreign Direct Investment in the Visegrád Four: Trends, Characteristic and Driving Forces","authors":"Ágnes Szunomár","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2021.1.53-64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2021.1.53-64","url":null,"abstract":"Japan continues to be the most important Asian investor in Poland and Czechia, and the second most important player in Hungary and Slovakia (after South Korea). Japanese multinationals, operating in the automotive, electronics and other industries, as well as in certain services, play an important role in the Central and Eastern European economies, enhancing the performance of the respective V4 economies. Although compared to, for instance, German MNCs’ investment, Japanese MNCs represent a rather minor share in the total FDI stock of these countries, the number of companies increase year-on-year. The paper briefly presents the history and main trends of Japanese investment in the V4 region, maps out the main characteristics of Japanese investment flows, and identifies the driving forces of Japanese FDI within the V4 region. The last section of the paper also sheds light on a new opportunity for the V4 countries to attract more investment from Japanese companies, that is the Japanese companies’ possible relocation to the V4 region from the United Kingdom, as a result of Brexit.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126320407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Towards European Integration. A Comparative Analysis of the Constitutional Courts of Kosovo and Albania","authors":"Cintia Viola","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2022.1.169-196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2022.1.169-196","url":null,"abstract":"The constitutions and lower-level legislation of Kosovo and Albania were established with strong Western influence since both countries are striving to meet the rule of law requirements of the international community in order to become full members of the European Union in the future. This shared ambition has created similar legal frameworks, with European standards for the functioning of the constitutional courts of the two countries. Although they differ in some elements, both the Kosovo and the Albanian legislation stand out among the constitutional courts of Southeast Europe as a result of the progressive regulations of the countries. Although constitutional courts are independent institutions, their decisions have a strong impact on the internal political relations of a country, making them a significant political factor.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129364199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Austrian-Hungarian Military Administration in Albania During World War I","authors":"Gentiana Kera, Enriketa Pandelejmoni","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2022.1.31-50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2022.1.31-50","url":null,"abstract":"In January 1916, the Austro-Hungarian Army took the offensive in the Balkans. The Austro-Hungarian troops entered Shkodra on 23 January, 1916, and during the course of the following months occupied Albanian territory up to the River Vjosa-Lake Ohrid in Southern Albania, controlling more than two-thirds of the country. The rest of the Albanian territory was occupied by Italian and Greek troops in the south, French troops in the southeast, and Bulgarian troops in parts of the east. Before crossing the border, the Austrians had declared that they were not coming as enemies but as friends and that Christians and Muslims would be protected in the same way. The occupied territory was considered a rear area that was to complete certain military duties. Despite the previous opinion announced in March 1916 stating the opposite, the approved regulation ordered the creation of a military administration on 19 April, 1916. This study analyses the establishment of the military administration in the occupied territories as well as some of the main measures undertaken during World War I in the Austrian-Hungarian occupied territories, including the registration of the population.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124534539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geopolitical Tensions in East Asia and the Effects on Japanese and Hungarian Economic Relations","authors":"Csaba Moldicz","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2021.1.76-97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2021.1.76-97","url":null,"abstract":"The paper places a strong focus on the increasing geopolitical tensions in the world and the geopolitical and geoeconomic adjustment process of both Japan and Hungary to the new environment. After the introductory part (Chapter 1), which discusses the changes in the global political and economic environment, the next chapter (Chapter 2) analyses the geopolitical changes for both countries, focusing on foreign and trade policies. Chapter 3 focuses on how political and economic relations with the two major powers, the United States and Japan, have changed. This chapter also provides an overview of the possible foreign policy strategies vis-à-vis the United States and China. The last chapter tries to find the common platform on which these two countries could work together to achieve their political and economic interests.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":" 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113948066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Examining Small and Middle States’ Behaviour Vis-à-vis Rival Great Powers Through a Case Study of Australia","authors":"Ádám Csenger","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2021.3.8-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2021.3.8-22","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most significant questions in international relations today is whether the world is heading towards a new Cold War. It is important to examine this issue from the viewpoint of small and middle states, whose behaviour vis-à-vis the great powers during the Cold War basically consisted of siding with one or the other. Are we seeing the same behaviour today, or are small and middle states employing different strategies due to the different circumstances? This paper seeks to answer this question through a case study of Australia, a middle power, whose security is guaranteed by the US but whose main trading partner is China. While during the Cold War Australia clearly belonged to the US-led Western bloc, its situation in the current power struggle between the US and China is more complicated. The paper examines Australia’s relationship with both superpowers and concludes that it follows a hedging strategy, whereby it maximises rewards from both sides while also preparing a fallback position in case circumstances change. This strategy is necessitated by the global economic interdependence that has resulted from globalisation. The study finds that Australia’s strategy vis-à-vis the two rival great powers of today is different from its strategy during the Cold War. Many other small and middle states are hedging in a similar way, and this fundamental difference in their behaviour compared to the Cold War leads to the conclusion that there will be no return to a Cold War with clearly separate blocks.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127485794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The French Proposal: A Turning Point in the Balkans or a Dead End?","authors":"Ognen Vangelov","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2023.1.160-172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2023.1.160-172","url":null,"abstract":"North Macedonia’s long-standing bid for EU accession was hindered by a Bulgarian veto that had lasted for two years until a French proposal emerged as a last-minute solution. However, this proposal presents potential pitfalls for new vetoes and has exacerbated political polarization in North Macedonia, thereby threatening inter- ethnic relations in the country. The proposal requires North Macedonia to include ethnic Bulgarians in its constitutional preamble, a move that seems unlikely given the opposition’s firm resistance to any such constitutional amendment. This raises questions about the EU’s decision to comply with the Bulgarian demands and the likelihood of achieving a sustainable solution to long-standing bilateral issues.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122699963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Russian-Sino Relations in Post-Covid Asia : Moscow’s Perspective","authors":"Máté György Vigóczki","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2021.3.141-163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2021.3.141-163","url":null,"abstract":"From the Kremlin’s perspective, the global great power rivalry has intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, which will result in a US-Chinese bipolarity. Moscow would like to avoid being in a situation where it needs to choose a side because Russia would either become a junior partner or become marginalized. Therefore, the Kremlin will develop its bilateral relations with Beijing and other countries on the Eurasian continent, and it will try to find multilateral cooperations and international organizations (SCO, EEU, UN) to preserve its room to manoeuvre and protect its own strategic autonomy in global politics. The pandemic has shown the deficiency of the cooperation between Russia and China, although no strategic-level disagreement has occurred. A military alliance still seems impossible between the two countries, with Russia’s economic ties overly focused on the export of raw materials, although there are promising projects, for example, in the Arctic region. In the long term, a flexible strategic partnership could be the most suitable way of cooperation for the parties, but their bilateral relations will be greatly influenced by their respective relations with the West.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125656937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"China’s Investment in the Czech Republic: Much ado About Nothing?","authors":"I. Karásková","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2021.1.65-75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2021.1.65-75","url":null,"abstract":"China is a relative newcomer to Central Europe and as such could not utilize previously established links or knowledge of local languages or the political and economic environment. However, it has been using a variety of tools in order to increase its visibility and establish its positive image; including foreign direct investment (FDI). This article provides a brief assessment of China’s recent political and economic performance in the Czech Republic and debates the opportunities and challenges the Czech experience with China provides to other Asian (mostly Japanese and South Korean) investors.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129771329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Freedom of Language as a Partly Territorial Right of Everyone and the Issue of Minority Language Rights","authors":"György Andrássy","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2021.2.28-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2021.2.28-46","url":null,"abstract":"International law recognizes language rights within international human rights law and the study shows that while codifying human rights within the UN and the Council of Europe, legislators have made two serious mistakes that affect language rights. The competent bodies of implementation have corrected, to some extent the first mistake, but they have not recognized the second one or if they have recognized it, they have not interpreted it appropriately. Then the study concludes that what is most lacking from international law regarding language rights is the explicit recognition of freedom of language and a satisfactory definition of minority language rights. However, since minority language rights cannot be properly defined in the absence of the definition of freedom of language, the study seeks to define this freedom and according to the definition found, freedom of language is a partly territorial human right.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130835840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Present and Future Prospects of Japanese FDI in Hungary","authors":"Péter Goreczky","doi":"10.47706/kkifpr.2021.1.13-29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47706/kkifpr.2021.1.13-29","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, the cornerstones of Hungary’s competitiveness in FDI attraction have been the favourable geographic location and the availability of a qualified and cost-effective labour pool. Western countries are still far the most important sources of the FDI stock in Hungary, however Japan is the second largest investor among Asian nations. Most of the Japanese FDI has been concentrated in the automotive sector and has targeted Western, Central and Northeast Hungary. Some Japanese investors have already started to locate high-end manufacturing technologies to Hungary which was in line with the country’s goal to be at the forefront of Industry 4.0. The main challenge on the Hungarian side is whether the country can ensure the necessary pool of talents and skilled labour to maintain its attractiveness and to move up in the value chain.","PeriodicalId":365676,"journal":{"name":"Foreign Policy Review","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132208239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}