Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Multimodal Biometric Analysis: Exploring Lip Print, Fingerprint, and Blood Group Correlations in the Firozabad Populations","authors":"Shailja Singh, Kimee Hiuna Minj, Sana Jamal, Sameer Saharan, Priyakanksha Mishra, Pushplata Singh, Vaishali Sinha","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_1_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_1_24","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study aimed to establish a relationship between blood groups, fingerprint types, and lip prints that can be utilized to distinguish between genders when identifying a person.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study was conducted among 200 female and male participants ages 28 of Firozabad-based populations. Along with the blood types, finger, and lip print patterns were also gathered. For statistical analysis, SPSS Normal H. Nie, standford, california, united states was employed. The qualitative factors’ frequency and percentages were determined.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In the present study, overall Type II lip print in males and Type III lip print in females, loop fingerprint pattern and blood group O(+)ve in both sexes were most prevalent, and our findings were matched with the study of Harsha and Jayaraj, in which Type II (39.9%), loops 27 (42.2%), and blood group O(+)ve were observed predominantly.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Personal identification of an individual can be greatly aided by personal characteristics such as blood group type, fingerprints, and lip prints. The most frequent patterns in our study were the Type II lip pattern in the males and Type III lip pattern in females, blood group O+, and the loop fingerprint pattern.\u0000","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"66 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141664672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatal cardiac tamponade following road traffic accident","authors":"G. Pramod Kumar, S. Rani, S. Bakkannavar","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_10_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_10_22","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiac tamponade following blunt trauma results from cardiac rupture, leading to death even before the patient can receive medical attention. In such cases, the collected fluid (blood) in the pericardium inhibits the diastolic filling compressing the myocardium resulting in obstructive shock. We are reporting the case report of a 30-year-old male who was brought dead to the hospital with a history of road traffic accidents. The investigating officer informed that the deceased driver was not wearing a seat belt. Autopsy findings showed fresh blood clots of 600 g in the pericardial sac with rupture of the left ventricular wall of the heart. There were contusions on the anterior aspect of the vertebrae corresponding to the heart level. Although it is impossible to prevent all the cases of cardiac tamponade, we can avoid the ones resulting from trauma. This case intends to stress the importance of wearing a seat belt while driving a car to prevent fatal injuries.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"88 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44263752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Retrospective Analytical Study of Forensic Evidence in Rape and Murder Cases and its Implications on Judicial Outcomes in India","authors":"J. Charan","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_108_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_108_22","url":null,"abstract":"In rape and murder cases, forensic science precisely establishes the link between the accused and either the victim or the crime scene, or both, which aids police investigation and the trial process by providing scientific evidence to corroborate or contradict the accused’s guilt. This study focuses on the importance of forensic evidence in deciding rape cases in India. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between forensic evidence and judicial outcomes in determining the conviction rate. This is a retrospective analytical study of rape and murder cases of the Supreme Court of India (SCI) Judgments from 1992 to 2021 using the library and digital library resources. The data obtained were subjected to Pearson’s correlation test to assess the relationship between forensic evidence and judicial outcomes. The results were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. In 20 (5.22%) sensational, heinous rape and murder cases, 13 (65%) cases had proper handling of the forensic samples, while 7 (35%) cases had improper handling of the forensic samples or inconsistent forensic reports were given. Based on the forensic reports and other factors, the SCI affirmed the sentence in 11 (55%) cases, commuted imprisonment in 7 (35%) cases, and acquitted 2 (15%) cases. Further, the statistical analysis shows that forensic evidence and judicial outcomes have a moderately positive correlation with each other (0.2 < r < 0.5, P < 0.05). In rape and murder cases, SCI judgments have a high conviction rate. However, the SCI commuted the sentence based on inconsistent forensic reports and acquitted based on mishandled forensic reports.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70793450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic Significance of Messenger RNA and Protein Expression of Genes Downstream of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 2 in Myocardial Tissue for Death Discrimination","authors":"Xingyu Ma, Yeming Li, Ya Xi, Liyang Su, Yuxing Tong, Chun Wang, Dong Zhao","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_94_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_94_23","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Background As a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 2 alpha subunit (HIF2A), is an important member of the HIF family. It plays a significant role in the hypoxia adaptation process by regulating the different types of downstream transcription factors and auxiliary regulatory factors. HIF2A-related factors are believed to participate in the progression of myocardial injury or myocardial ischemia, support the protection of ischemic myocardium, and provide guiding significance for the diagnosis and discrimination of sudden cardiac death in forensic pathology. Aim and Objectives This study aimed to explore the discriminability and applicability of HIF2A-related factors in myocardial infarction cases compared with other causes of death, provide further insights for the forensic diagnosis of heart failure (HF) cases with myocardial infarction, and support the clinical treatment of patients with HF after myocardial infarction. Materials and Methods The relative expression levels of HIF2A, amphiregulin (AREG), potassium large conductance calcium-activated channel subfamily M β1 (KCNMB1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and VEGFR2 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in myocardial tissue samples were performed using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. A partial least squares-discriminant analysis model was constructed to select the indicators with better identification effects for myocardial infarction cases. The protein levels of HIF2A, AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA were further detected by immunohistochemistry. The forensic autopsy cases (27 cases in total, postmortem interval <72 h) included seven cases of acute myocardial infarction and ten cases of myocardial ischemia. There were ten cases in the control group, including four cases of traffic injury, one case of injury by fall from height, and five cases of blunt force injury. Results Characteristic results were observed in the myocardial ischemia/infarction samples. Compared with the control group, the relative mRNA expression levels of AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA were significantly increased during the progression of myocardial ischemia, but this was not observed for HIF2A, VEGF, or VEGFR2 mRNA. Immunohistochemistry assays further verified the expression levels of the related factors at the protein level, and H and E staining showed signs of angiogenesis and inflammation in the ischemia/infarction group. Conclusions By controlling the expression of downstream target genes (AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA) during myocardial cell hypoxia adaptation, HIF2A has a potential significance in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in forensic medicine. We believe that HIF2A, AREG, KCNMB1, and PPARA can be used as molecular pathological biomarkers for the discrimination of causes of death in myocardial infarction cases.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"87 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135650640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 on Teenage Homicide Incidence: A Retrospective Review of Forensic Autopsy Cases in Maryland from 2018 to 2021","authors":"Sahel Sabet Azm, Benjamin Shuster, Breanna Jennings, Stephanie A. Dean, John A. Stach, Pamela E. Southall, Ling Li","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_77_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_77_23","url":null,"abstract":"Homicides in the United States disproportionately affect minorities, and previous research also indicates that increased economic deprivation and social disorganization correlates with increased rates of homicide. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated economic disparities and may have magnified existing disparities in homicide rates. Few studies have examined the incidence of teenage homicides throughout the United States, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a retrospective case review of homicides involving youth between the age group of 13 and 19 years from 2018 to 2021 in the state of Maryland. The aim of this study was to assess COVID-19 affected rates of youth homicide. A total of 230 teenage homicides occurred in Maryland from 2018 to 2021 with 113 cases during the pre-COVID-19 pandemic period (2018/2019) and 117 cases during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020/2021). The majority of teenage homicide victims were African − American male. More than 83% and 79% of victims were African − American in 2018/2019 and 2020/2021, respectively. Victims were also predominantly male (90% in 2018/2019 and 88% in 2020/2021). Maryland has a population of approximately 6 million people and is made up of 23 countries and Baltimore City. Nearly half of the overall incidents of teenage homicide took place in Baltimore City (49.6% pre-COVID-19 and 44.4% during COVID-19, respectively). While the average victim age did not vary considerably between 2018/2019 (17.8 years) and 2020/2021 (17.5 years), the percentage of cases involving victims ages 13–15 years more than doubled from 5.3% of cases in 2018/2019 to 12% of cases in 2020/2021. The majority of teenage homicide cases were due to firearm injuries (91.7%, n = 211), but during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a rise in violence involving sharp objects such as knives. The incidence of teenage homicide did not change considerably during the COVID-19 pandemic, although we did observe a trend toward younger males who were African American.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70793868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex Predictive Value of Frontal Sinus Index Compared to Maxillary Sinus Index: Lateral Cephalometric Study","authors":"F. M. Hassan, M. Hussein, Noran Ayman Abdel Motagally, Walaa Samir","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_79_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_79_22","url":null,"abstract":"Sex estimation is a crucial step to outline the biological profile of unknown human remains. The frontal and maxillary sinuses have unique anatomical features and can be utilized efficiently in individual identification. Previous studies investigated the frontal and maxillary sinus indexes separately for sex prediction. However, comparing the predictive value of the frontal sinus index (FSI) to the maxillary sinus index (MSI) has not been investigated yet. This study aimed to evaluate the sex predicting value of FSI compared to MSI assessed on digital lateral cephalometry. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 88 digital lateral cephalometric images of known sex (44 males and 44 females) and age (20-50 years). Two radiologists measured the maximum anteroposterior sinus width and height of the frontal sinus and maxillary sinus. Then, the sinus index was calculated for each radiograph. The obtained frontal and maxillary sinuses parameters were tabulated, along with the patient’s sex and age, and subjected to statistical analysis. Our results revealed significant differences between males and females regarding frontal sinus width, FSI, and MSI. The discriminant function analysis obtained in this study accurately predicted sex with an overall accuracy of 71.6% (81.8% of males and 61.4% of females) using FSI, and 60.2% (63.6% in females and 56.8% in males) using MSI. Frontal and maxillary sinus indexes can be useful tools for sex prediction. Discriminant function equations were developed for both the frontal and maxillary sinus indexes with higher accuracy rates for FSI compared to MSI.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70793917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic science and its limitations in rape and murder cases in India","authors":"J. Charan, K. Manikyam","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_98_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_98_21","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic science plays a significant role in crime scene analysis and other evidence collection (such as clothes, cigarette butts, blood, semen, hair, etc.,) to scientifically establish the accused's guilt. In rape and murder cases, DNA tests confirm the victim's identity. It provides certain evidence that is helpful in the speedy investigation and conclusion of a trial. However, it is not a foolproof science and it has certain limitations. Hence, the first responders, such as the Crime Laboratory Ultimate Evidence System team and the forensic experts, must keep these limitations in mind during sample collection and examination, otherwise, it may lead to incorrect results. Such incorrect results may be obtained due to insufficient sample quantity, improper collection methods, or delay in an examination. It is highly recommended to implement standard operating procedure guidelines, failing which the admissibility of such forensic evidence to prove beyond all reasonable doubts is at stake. Accordingly, the court shall acquit the accused giving him the benefit of doubt. This article focuses on the applicability and limitations of forensic science in the Indian Criminal Justice System and the need to adopt due protocols to yield viable results.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"91 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41985607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization of methamphetamine-contaminated fingermarks on glass surfaces by field emission scanning electron microscope for forensic investigation","authors":"Sarah Amir Sarifudin, K. Chang, B. Khoo, Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_64_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_64_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fingermark is an individual's primary identification source. It is helpful in determining individuals involved in illegal activities and is frequently encountered in clandestine laboratories. During forensic investigation, the critical question to be answered is whether a fingermark was left on a surface before or after the initiation of an unlawful activity. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the visualization of methamphetamine-contaminated fingermarks on glass surfaces and estimate the immediacy of their depositions. Materials and Methods: In this study, the prior-deposition contaminated fingermarks, i.e., fingermarks deposited a surface priorly contaminated by methamphetamine, and the postdeposition contaminated fingermarks, i.e., fingermarks deposited on a clean surface but subsequently contaminated with methamphetamine were visualized and compared using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Results: Under FESEM, the latent fingermarks and the crystalline structure of methamphetamine were clearly visualized. The postdeposition contaminated fingermarks appeared in smudge conditions in all the three replicate samples, where the ridge and nonridge areas could not be well-distinguished. On the contrary, the prior-deposition contaminated fingermark demonstrated distinct separations between ridges and nonridges. However, the application of fingerprint powders reduced the possibility to determine the immediacy of deposition. Conclusion: To conclude, both prior-deposition contaminated fingermarks and postdeposition contaminated fingermarks can be discriminated, providing information on the instance when a fingermark was left on a surface.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"6 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46210136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histological, ultrastructural, and genetic investigatory comparison between different types of experimentally - Induced antemortem burns","authors":"Omnia I. El Euony, Youstina Wisely, A. Nazem, Osama S El Okle","doi":"10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_85_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jfsm.jfsm_85_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Burn is a cutaneous injury that is caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, freezing, and radiation. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to differentiate between dry heat burn injury and other common cutaneous burn injuries. Materials and Methods: For this, different types of dermal burns were created experimentally in four groups of rats, 5 rats for each, as the following: dry heat burn model, scalding model, chemical burn model, and electrical burn model. The burnt skin and hair samples were subjected to scanning electron microscopic examination, molecular assay of aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) gene expression, and histopathological investigation. Results: There were crakes, holes, and cuticular irregularity in hairs exposed to both dry heat and sulfuric acid (chemical burn), while the major lesion observed in hairs exposed to boiling water (scald injury) was cuticular cell loss. On the other hand, dry burnt skin showed empty orifices of the hair and sebaceous gland with overlapped smooth lamella, while scald induced irregularity of collagen fibers. The sulfuric acid produces separation of the epidermis from the dermis and irregularity in collagen fiber. Rat skin exposed to electric current appears with fissure, lacerated edges, and erected broken hairs. Despite AQP-3 gene expression was significantly upregulated in the burnt skin of all experimental models in comparing with control rats, dry heat burned skin showed the highest upregulated level. In addition, the coagulation of the dermoepidermal cells and vesicles formation were the most pronounced lesions observed in all types of burns, while scald was distinguished by appearance of elongated cellular nuclei. Conclusion: These observations suggest the possibility to differentiate between dry thermal burn, scald injury, chemical burn, and electrical burn using the combination between scanning electron microscopic examination, analysis of cutaneous AQP-3 gene expression, and histological investigation.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"17 - 24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47593492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An acoustic analysis of fluctuations for inter- and intra-speaker variability in speech sounds","authors":"J. Kaur, K. Juglan, Kush Sharma, Vishal Sharma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3960502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3960502","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Variation in the speech of speakers is a crucial issue for the forensic system. The main reason behind incorrect speaker identification is greater intra-speaker fluctuation. In the forensic state of play, a lot of research has been carried out on speaker identification. However inter variations and intra fluctuations in speakers for the Punjabi language is still a grey area. Aims and Objectives: Our aim is to study acoustic analysis of fluctuations for inter and intra speaker variability in speech sounds. In our study, we will consider Punjabi vowel with consonants. The Statistical methods will be applied to analyze the data; firstly, the Shapiro-Wilk test will be checked for normality and then Levene's Test to assess the equality of variances. Materials and Method: Five vowels were selected with different consonants. They were combined to make meaningful words. Then these meaningful words were embedded in sentences. Ten speakers participated voluntarily. All are students of A.S College at Khanna in Punjab. The individuals were aged between 20-22 years with no hearing or speech disorder. The voice samples were recorded with help of good quality microphone and by Goldwave software in the sound proof lab.Samples were introduced directly into PRAAT software by the use of a Sony microphone and with sampling rate of 44100 Hz frequency. Acoustic Analysis has been done with help of Goldwave software in form of spectrograms. Results and Conclusion: Each formant shows a different value for inter variations and inter speaker fluctuations. F1 and F2 shows lesser speaker variation than the high-frequency region in F3 and F4, so we can say that in comparison with the lower part, high-frequency regions are more valuable. The assumptions for TWO-WAY ANOVA is violated and hence, we have used the non-parametric Friedman Test and performed its Post hoc analysis. From Posthoc analysis, we can say that F1 and F2 (p >0.05) and F2 and F3 (p>0.05) gave the same type of results. Hence, from the results of these statistical tests, we can conclude that F1 is recommended over F2, F3, and F4. As the frequency of F1 is high as well as in line with the results of statistical tests. Because we prefer more variation among frequencies so that we can easily distinguish different speakers and it would be more beneficial for inter variations and intra fluctuations.","PeriodicalId":36434,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"38 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43838353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}