Sabaragamuwa University Journal最新文献

{"title":"A Comparison of Nitrate Distribution in Shallow Groundwater of Two Agricultural Areas in Sri Lanka and in Japan","authors":"S. Gunatilake, Y. Iwao","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3736","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares the effects of adding fertilizer in nitrate pollution of groundwater in the Udunuwara area in Sri Lanka and the Shiroishi Plain in Japan. Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizers to soils contributes to contamination of groundwater by nitrates. As nitrate is one of the most identified contaminant in groundwater several environmental protection agencies maximum contamination level for nitrate is 10 mg/l as NO3-N. The problem becomes severe in rural areas where people depend entirely on dug wells in the shallow groundwater table for their drinking water supply. Several locations were selected from the Udunuwara area of Sri Lanka for the detailed study. Nineteen shallow dug wells and 4 deep tube wells were selected for water sampling beginning of January to March 1998. Shiroishi Plain in Japan reclaimed from the Ariake Sea has a soil layer consisting of Ariake clay. The total 82 drug wells of average depth 1.5 m had been drilled around the area. Sample were collected in December 2000 and continued for one year around. Nitrate concentration in groundwater was measured by Cadmium reduction method. The results showed a varying nitrate distribution pattern compared to that the Udunuwara area. The effect of fertilizer application on groundwater depends on soil type, fertilizer type and amount used, crop type and climatic condition. The highly permeable soil around Udunuwara area showed that shallow groundwater is highly vulnerable for nitrate than the poorly drained soil of the Shiroishi Plain in Japan. As the people living in Shiroishi Plain use deep groundwater for domestic purposes, drinking water is safe (less than Maximum Contaminated Level for nitrate in drinking water for Japan-10 mg/l as NO3-N) as far as the nitrate contamination is concerned. The results of these studies suggest that applying the correct rate of N fertilizer at the optimum time would have a substantial effect on reducing nitrate-N losses. Key Words : Nitate Contamination; Groundwater; Land Reclamation; Fertilizer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v9i1.3736 Sabaramuwa University Journal , Volume 9 Number 1; December 2010, pp 81-95","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122684069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Analysis of Urban Growth and Urbanization in the Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka","authors":"R. Uduporuwa","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3739","url":null,"abstract":"Many countries have identified urbanization as a progressive process and one of the key forces underlying technological innovation, economic development and socio-political development. In this context, this paper attempts to analyze the urban growth and current level of urbanization in the Sabaragamuwa Province which is one of the plantation areas located in the outer periphery in Sri Lanka. In addition, this study examines the hierarchical order of urban centres of the Sabaragamuwa Province. Data for the calculation of urban growth rates and level of urbanization were collected from several institutions and research papers of the university academics. Although the Sabaragamuwa Province as a major plantation area had reported a relatively high average annual growth rate of 5.3 percent of urban population during the inter-censal period of 1963-1971, it has slowed down to 2.0 percent in the intercensal period of 1971-1981. Due to the re-classification of urban areas in 1987 presently the Sabaragamuwa Province has 3 national urban centres. Accordingly, during the inter-censal period of 1981-2001 the average annual growth rate recorded by the Sabaragamuwa Province was -1.6 percent and level of urbanization was 4.2 percent. It is the lowest level of urbanization compared with the other provinces in the country. Accordingly, the slow growth of urban population, low level of urbanization and the very few national urban centres directly and indirectly affect the less dynamic economy of the Sabaragamuwa Province. Key words: Urban centers; Urban growth; Urbanization; Sabaragamuwa Province DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v9i1.3739 Sabaramuwa University Journal , Volume 9 Number 1; December 2010, pp 115-132","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121930278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supply Chain Management in the Aquaculture Industry: The Case of Food Fish Aquaculture in Sri Lanka","authors":"S. Jayantha, Dam de Silva","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3741","url":null,"abstract":"The study was taken up with the objective of identification of local and regional market potential for each main food fish species commonly found in the catch of inland fisheries and aquaculture in Sri Lanka and to identify the market segmentation of each of these fish species and prices in local and regional markets. The study methodology included both desk research and primary research in landing sites and regional markets of Western, Eastern, Sabaragamuwa and North-Central provinces in Sri Lanka. The study has employed BCG matrix for interpretation and analysis the supply chain. The study identifies the different value chains present in the trade map. Fishery value chain is dominated by few big players and a number of intermediaries were high and hence adds up to the cost of product without adding value to the chain. Presence of “patron-client relationship” throughout the supply chain is prevalent. The research indicates that the demand for fishe in the regional markets is dominated mainly by few preferential species. Key words: supply chain; fish and fishery products; Sri Lanka DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v9i1.3741 Sabaramuwa University Journal , Volume 9 Number 1; December 2010, pp 147-169","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126260851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Call Center Employees: Is Work Life Stress a Challenge","authors":"G. Latha, N. Panchanatham","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3731","url":null,"abstract":"The Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in the global scenario. The sector is showing a remarkable growth in the Indian context also. It is performing a number of activities relating to customer interaction and service. Some of them are involved in pure back office work and some others are directly dealing with the customers. Call center is a voice based part of BPO organization. The BPO sector is developing the young generation not only by providing employment opportunities but also by building confidence in them. Indian BPO companies are paying great attention in inducting and training the employees. But most of the employees are youngsters and they are facing a lot of problems. They are working on continuous night shifts, which affect their biological balance. Apart from this, excessive work loads, unreachable targets and pressurizing customers are creating stress among the employees. This ultimately results in physical, psychological and behavioural deviations among them, which not only affects the employees and the organization, but, the country on the whole. This paper aims to identify the problems in the sector and the nature of the stress created by such problems. First hand information regarding the problems, the sources of stress and the experience on stress situations is collected from a project leader who has five years of experience. A questionnaire is circulated to measure the stress level of employees. It also identifies the various stressors prevailing among the employees. The impact of job satisfaction, feed back, working conditions, work family balance and workload in creating stress among the employees are analyzed. Some strategies for coping up with stress are also suggested. Keywords: Stress; Call center; Stressors; Coping strategies DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v9i1.3731 Sabaramuwa University Journal , Volume 9 Number 1; December 2010, pp 1-9","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126312993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Chinese Dragon Concept as a Spiritual Force of the Masses","authors":"Dg Ranjan, C. Zhou","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3735","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of the Dragon is amalgamation of early tribes from the period of pre – historic era Ain the Chinese social structure. He is a proto - totemic beast later rise into a Dragon which we find each parts of his composition as a sacred body, meaning is attached denoting one of his qualities. In modern complex societies, with the specific interaction potentially drawn from different backgrounds, the distribution of cultural practices and knowledge of their meaning can become extremely complex. There cannot be making simple any local system or any patterns of interactions. The local social system or homogeneous has the highest degree of shared cultural practices. Cultural practices are those meaningful which forge and continue ongoing histories of social cultural coupling. The literature review on the Chinese cultural Dragon denotes that the geographical and social – cultural boundaries have been discrete and made relations with the different tribes and nations. Key words: Dragon Concept; Social Super Structure; Mass Consciousness; Social Development DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v9i1.3735 Sabaramuwa University Journal , Volume 9 Number 1; December 2010, pp 65-80","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130614836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insecurity of Secure Land Tenure - Case of Service Tenure formalization in Sri Lanka","authors":"N. Piyasena","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3740","url":null,"abstract":"The government of Sri Lanka has recognized the title registration as a tool against insecure land tenure. However, global experience reveals that success of such projects depends on several factors. As such, it is of primary importance for the country to investigate the effectiveness of title registration in providing secure land tenure under the local conditions. With the above mentioned background, the objective of the paper is to investigate the effectiveness of title registration in Sri Lanka in areas where service tenure exists. Service tenure system is one of the very complex tenure systems in Sri Lanka and thus allows a better judgment of the effectiveness of the title registration. A case study method was adopted to investigate the service tenure system. An identified analytical framework from a wide literature survey has been used to analyse the service tenure system. The outcome of the study reveals that most of the land tenure insecurity is caused by institutional inconsistencies and also that focusing on individual titling alone would not eliminate these inconsistencies. Key words: Land Tenure; Title Registration; Property Rights; Institutions DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v9i1.3740 Sabaramuwa University Journal , Volume 9 Number 1; December 2010, pp 133-145","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128970095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of Jaadi using Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and determination of its physcio-chemical and sensory properties","authors":"Wgi Lakshmi, Php Prassanna, U. Edirisinghe","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3734","url":null,"abstract":"Consumption of Tilapia is restricted due to its muddy flavour and colour. This study was aimed to develop jaadi, a fermented fish product, using Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) and to determine suitable salt and goraka (Garcinia gambodiea) combination for its preparation. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates. First experiment was aimed at determining the suitable salt content for jaadi . There were four treatments having salt contents of 200 g, 300 g, 400 g and 500 g per 1 kg of deskined fish without head while keeping goraka (G. gambodiea) content at 100 g. The most suitable salt content was determined according to sensory evaluation results, which in turn was used for second experiment, for the determination of suitable goraka (G. gambodiea) content, the goraka (G. gambodiea) content was changed as 100 g, 150 g, 200 g and 250 g per 1 kg of fish keeping the salt content constant. Results for the first experiment indicated that the highest preference for sensory attributes was from combination of 500 g of salt with constant goraka (G. gambodiea) per 1 kg of fish. Results of second experiment indicated that there was a higher preference for the combination of 100 g of garcenia (G. gambodiea) with 500 g salt per 1 kg of fish compared to other treatments. The study clearly revealed that 500 g of goraka (G. gambodiea) and 100 g of salt with 1 kg of deskined Tilapia ( O. niloticus ) fish without head can effectively used to produce jaadi . Key words: Tilapia; Goraka; Salt; Storage DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v9i1.3734 Sabaramuwa University Journal , Volume 9 Number 1; December 2010, pp 57-63","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131512135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"General Ecology and Habitat Selectivity of Fresh Water Fishes of the Rawan Oya, Kandy, Sri Lanka","authors":"R. Jayaratne, Thilina D. Surasinghe","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V9I1.3732","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted over a five-month period at Rawan Oya, a 13.5km long left bank tributary of the River Mahaweli. Data on species composition and mircohabitat conditions were collected from 30 random sampling sites, representing 10 pools, 10 riffles and 10 runs. A single observation was made at each site, where a 10m-length of the stream was blocked with drag nets to get the values for abundance. Fishes were captured using the cast nets and scoop nets, identified and released back at the site of capture. The species richness, relative abundance and the microhabitat conditions were recorded for each habitat type. Physico-chemical parameters of water such as the stream velocity, temperature, pH, water depth, conductivity, Hardness, DO and BOD5 were determined monthly at pre-selected sampling sites. A questionnaire survey was done among people in adjacent villagers, who are selected randomly. A total of 15 fish species belonging to 8 families were recorded of which 2 are endemic and 4 are exotic. The subsequent data analysis revealed that the Shannon Wiener diversity index and the Magalef Index are significantly high in pools. ANOVA test showed significant variation among the 3 habitat types in terms of the microhabitat features measured. Further, the Pearson Correlation test demonstrated that the different fish species have different microhabitat preferences and different habitat associations. Runs seemed to be the most suitable habitats for most of the fish species lotic habitat with the highest species richness compared with the other two habitat types (12 species). Riffles harbored the poorest in species composition (2 species). Pools had an intermediate number of species (9). Puntius bimaculatus, Hypostomus sp and Tor khudree only occurred in pools while Devario malabaricus, Glossogobius giuris, Lepidocephalichthys thermalis, Mystus vittatus, Rasbora daniconius and Xiphophorus maculatus are confined to runs of the stream with no species confined to riffles. Garra ceylonensis and Schistura notostigma occupy all three kinds of habitat types but with higher abundances in riffles. Among the fish found only in pools and runs, Puntius filamentosus were recorded in significantly higher numbers in pools than that in runs in contrast to the alien species such as Poecilia reticulata and Oreochromis mossambicus that showed a higher preference for runs. Key words: Stream Ecosystems; Freshwater Fish; Water Quality; Conservation; Montane Forests DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/suslj.v9i1.3732 Sabaramuwa University Journal , Volume 9 Number 1; December 2010, pp 11-43","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124957559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Attitudes of Students to the GCE General English Course with Special Emphasis on Schools of the Balangoda Educational Zone, Sri Lanka","authors":"R. Abeywickrama","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V8I1.1848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V8I1.1848","url":null,"abstract":"Today, educators are faced with the challenge of addressing the needs of the growing number of students whose primary language is not English. While mastering other skills and content in other subject areas, there is the necessity for these learners to gain proficiency in English. Teaching English as a second language to all Sri Lankan school children irrespective of their social, economical or geographical background has been a major educational policy of successive governments in Sri Lanka since the early 1950s. This continues to be the declared government educational policy as in recent years more than ever, the country's need for English-speaking citizens has come to be realized. Teaching of English at the Advanced Level is considered an appropriate means of achieving the goals to equip them with the necessary knowledge and technical skills required for the modern employment market. The results of this cross sectional survey analyses the attitudes of students to the GCE AL General English course in four state schools. This paper further attempts to develop a model for building a direct relationship between student aspirations and English studies in order to achieve greater relevance in the GCE AL General English programme.The findings made in this study regarding the attitudes of students to General English in the Balangoda Educational Zone may provide useful insights for improving educational policy with regard to English education, as well as the quality of the English course offered by schools. Key words: Second Language; Teaching; General Education DOI: 10.4038/suslj.v8i1.1848 Sabaramuwa University Journal Vol. 8(1); December 2008, pp 19-31","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131649903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Strategies for Geo-Information Utilization – A Case Study of Ratnapura Municipality of Sri Lanka","authors":"H. Divithura","doi":"10.4038/SUSLJ.V8I1.1850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4038/SUSLJ.V8I1.1850","url":null,"abstract":"Many organizations in Sri Lanka have been involved in spatial data collection and distribution. However, most of the local authorities have not been using the available spatial data optimally. This can be identified as one of the major reasons contributing to poor performance of the local authorities in the country. The major functions of local authorities fall within the categories of public health and environmental sanitation, public thoroughfare and public utilities. But, at present, the effectiveness and efficiency of local authorities operating under these fields are not up to the expected level. Problems/constraints that come up regarding the usage of Geo-information within the local authorities are one of the identified reasons for the inefficiency and the non-effectiveness. It also has major implications on the current operational practices within the local authorities. This paper discusses this issue in detail by considering Ratnapura Municipality as a case study. The data was collected by using questionnaires, interviews, physical observations and available supported documents. Data analysis aims to identify Geo-information providers related to the Ratnapura Municipality and District Planning Office and compare the requirements, perceptions and activities in acquiring Geo-information between the above two organizations. Comparison between these two administrative levels will help to identify the improvement strategies to utilize Geo-information within the Municipality. This analysis utilizes a technique of Strategic Grids, including grids with Interest vs. Awareness. Such grids identify the improvement strategies for effective and efficient process of Geo-information exchange, targeting to improve present Geo-information usage in the Ratnapura municipality. Major findings can be summarized as: (a) lack of the required capacity of the municipality to cope with Geo-information related work; (b) lack of motivation of the municipality staff from the management level for Geo-information related activities. This situation has been further aggravated due to the lack of an effective linkage between the major Geoinformation providers and the municipality. Key Words: Geo-information Management; Capacity Building; Local Authorities; Disaster Mitigation DOI: 10.4038/suslj.v8i1.1850 Sabaramuwa University Journal Vol. 8(1); December 2008, pp 49-60","PeriodicalId":363402,"journal":{"name":"Sabaragamuwa University Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125092109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}