Global Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence and characteristics of tobacco use among adults in Kazakhstan: A cross-sectional National Survey","authors":"Anel Ibrayeva ,&nbsp;Marat Shoranov ,&nbsp;Rassulbek Aipov ,&nbsp;Adil Katarbayev ,&nbsp;Shynar Tanabayeva ,&nbsp;Ildar Fakhradiyev","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Smoking remains a major public health concern worldwide, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Despite the implementation of tobacco control measures, smoking prevalence in Kazakhstan remains high. This study aims to assess the prevalence, demographic characteristics, and regional variations in smoking habits among adults in Kazakhstan.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional national survey was conducted from October 2021 to May 2022, covering all 17 regions of Kazakhstan. A total of 6720 adults aged 18–69 years participated, selected using a weighted multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected through structured interviews based on the WHO STEPwise approach. Smoking status, tobacco consumption patterns, and smoking cessation attempts were analyzed. The results were reported as means with 95 % confidence intervals (CI).</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The overall smoking prevalence was 19.1 %. Smoking was significantly more common among men (30.3 %) than women (7.9 %). The highest smoking prevalence was observed in the 30–44 age group (44.2 %) and among private-sector employees (53.2 %). Regional differences were notable, with the lowest smoking prevalence in Atyrau (9.2 %) and the highest in Pavlodar (30.4 %). Among current smokers, 89.1 % smoked daily, with an average of 11.8 cigarettes per day (95 % CI: 11.4–12.2). Only 36.7 % of smokers who visited healthcare professionals in the past year received advice to quit. Additionally, 42.8 % attempted to quit smoking in the past 12 months. Passive smoking exposure was common, with 26.8 % of women and 22.3 % of men exposed at home, and 30.2 % of men and 14.4 % of women exposed at work. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was low (1 %).</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>Smoking remains prevalent among adults in Kazakhstan, with significant differences by gender, age, occupation, and region. The high prevalence of daily smoking and the low frequency of smoking cessation advice from healthcare professionals indicate the need for stronger tobacco control policies, targeted public health campaigns, and enhanced smoking cessation support programs. These findings provide a basis for future research and policy-making efforts aimed at reducing tobacco consumption and its associated health risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of reviews of breastfeeding barriers and facilitators: Analyzing global research trends and hotspots","authors":"Agustín Ramiro Miranda ,&nbsp;Paula Eugenia Barral ,&nbsp;Ana Veronica Scotta ,&nbsp;Mariela Valentina Cortez ,&nbsp;Elio Andrés Soria","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Breastfeeding is the most cost-effective intervention for reducing infant morbidity and mortality, offering benefits for infants and mothers. Despite extensive promotion, global adherence remains below 50 %, resulting in significant clinical, economic, and environmental impacts. Thus, this overview of reviews aims to synthesize barriers and facilitators of breastfeeding, analyze research trends, and identify gaps to guide future research. A comprehensive literature search was conducted, including systematic reviews that examine these factors. The search covered seven electronic data repositories. The methodological quality was assessed using the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews tool. Bibliometric analysis focused on identifying top journals, authors, and countries, assessing their impact, and exploring trends over time. Findings were classified and analyzed thematically through line-by-line coding, theme description, and analytical formulation. A total of 123 reviews were included, mostly of high quality and published in top journals. Key trends comprised a growing focus on psychosocial and cultural factors, increased representation from low- and middle-income countries, and improved methodological rigor. However, geographical representation remains biased towards high-income countries, and some breastfeeding outcomes need further exploration. Thematic analysis revealed four categories: Therapeutic and care interventions; Support networks and education; Maternal-infant health issues; and Societal and environmental context. In conclusion, this overview of reviews identifies barriers and facilitators of breastfeeding and emphasizes the need for more inclusive research and tailored support. Addressing gaps in evidence for enhancing healthcare systems and policies can improve breastfeeding practices and outcomes worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive health services utilization and associated factors among university youth students in Ethiopia: A mixed-methods study","authors":"Tsiyon Birhanu Wube ,&nbsp;Solomon Gebremichael Asgedom ,&nbsp;Dawit Gebregziabher Abrha ,&nbsp;Lielt Gebreselassie Gebrekirstos","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Reproductive health services utilization among youth university students is essential for their sexual and reproductive well-being. Despite growing awareness, students often face barriers—cultural, social, and economic—that limit their access to these services. Understanding service utilization patterns and associated factors is crucial for addressing unmet needs, such as limited access to family planning, maternal care, and sexual health services, as well as the lack of resources and awareness, which affect the quality of care and access to services. The study investigated the utilization of the services among youth university students, aiming to provide insights for targeted interventions and enhanced service delivery.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted an institutional-based cross-sectional study with 768 youth university students, using a mixed-methods approach. Participants were selected via a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire, supplemented by key informant interviews and in-depth interviews. Quantitative analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, and qualitative data were transcribed and analyzed narratively through content analysis. Logistic regression was employed to identify associations with service utilization.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study found that the prevalence of adequate reproductive health service utilization rate was 42.5 % (95 % CI: 38.81 % - 46.20 %), which is comparable to similar studies conducted in other low- and middle-income countries. Key factors included open discussions about reproductive health (AOR = 4.1, 95 % CI: 2.14–7.16), positive attitudes towards services (AOR = 6.03, 95 % CI: 3.72–9.75), and perceived HIV risk (AOR = 4.32, 95 % CI: 2.39–7.77).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Utilization of reproductive health services is relatively low, with only 42.5 % reporting usage. Key factors influencing utilization include open discussions, positive attitudes towards services, and perceived HIV risk. Addressing barriers through inclusive, youth-friendly interventions such as peer education programs could significantly improve outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time-varying confounders in association between general and central obesity and coronary heart disease: Longitudinal targeted maximum likelihood estimation on atherosclerosis risk in communities study","authors":"Hossein Mozafar Saadati PhD ,&nbsp;Niloufar Taherpour MSc ,&nbsp;Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari MD, MPH, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><div>This study examines the association between general and central obesity and the risk of cardiovascular diseases, utilizing the Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimator (TMLE) method to account for time-varying covariates and also we compares the findings with those derived from conventional regression methods in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We considered 15,792 participants 45–75 years of age registered in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, visit 1 and followed to visit 4. General obesity defined as body mass index and central obesity defined as Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-Hip-Ratio (WHR), Waist-Height-Ratio (WHtR), Body Shape Index (BSI) and Body Roundness Index (BRI). The effect of obesity on Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) was estimated and compared by Longitudinal Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (LTMLE) and generalized linear model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The effects of BMI, adjusted for baseline and time-varying confounders, was 1.15 (95 %CI =1.00, 1.34). About the gender groups, the effect of BMI for males and females was 1.17 (95 %CI =0.97,1.40) and 1.19 (95 %CI =0.94,1.52), respectively. Considering age groups, the effect of BMI was 1.21 (95 %CI =0.95, 1.53) and 1.13 (95 %CI = 0.93, 1.36) for age ≤ 54 years and age &gt; 54 years, respectively. With regards to central obesity, the BSI and WC were shown the strongest effects, respectively. Among females and age group≤54 years, WHtR was associated with a higher incidence of CHD.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>According to the results, the appropriate index for obesity varies based on gender and age. Knowledge about this difference will help to experts to implement appropriate interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of adult asthma within the Hungarian population between 2009 and 2019 – A retrospective financial database analysis","authors":"B. Sánta ,&nbsp;A. Keglevich ,&nbsp;T. Kovács ,&nbsp;B. Engi ,&nbsp;A. Südi ,&nbsp;E. Noémi ,&nbsp;L. Tamási","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Asthma is the most common chronic obstructive respiratory disease and is a considerable burden on the patients, caregivers and healthcare providers. However, data on epidemiology, healthcare expenditures, inhalation medication usage and comorbidities are scarce on a country-wide level.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective analysis was performed on the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund's financial database. All patients who had filled at least one prescription for asthma maintenance therapy between 2009-’19 had been enrolled. Prevalence for each year was assessed, based on prescriptions filled for asthma annually. Incidence was assessed only for 2011–’19. Frequency of exacerbations and their costs were calculated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Through the study period 439,977 patients filled at least one prescription for asthma maintenance therapy. The number of patients having at least one prescription in 12 months increased by 20.34 % (from 132,292 to 159,225 patients). Between 2011–’19 an average of 20,742.1 new patients used asthma maintenance medications. Between 2009 and ‘19 an average of 4308 patients were hospitalized due to asthma, on an average 5129 times. Healthcare expenditure on hospitalizations and outpatient treatment of asthmatics increased by 28.05 %.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Through our study period a substantial increase in patient numbers and overall expenditure was seen. Number and frequency of exacerbations however decreased over the years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized anxiety disorder and associated factors among Sudanese adolescents during the Sudan Army conflict: A cross sectional study","authors":"Mohammed Haydar Awad ,&nbsp;Maram Elmutasim ,&nbsp;Maeen Mohieldin Mohamed ,&nbsp;Lina Hemmeda","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Anxiety is the state of being worried and uneasy about anything that happens either now or in the future. It is unclear what exactly causes generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). According to some research, a variety of variables, including heredity, differences in brain chemistry, and environmental influences, could be involved. After the Sudanese army battle began in 2023, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among Sudanese teenagers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional, community-based study was carried out among all Sudanese adolescents between 13 and 18 years old who were living in Sudan at the start of the conflict by using a self-administered questionnaire under the guidance of parents, if necessary. The questionnaire was adapted from the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 checklist for the assessment of GAD symptoms. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic by expert translators, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. Data were analyzed and presented in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among the 855 participants, the mean age was 16.5 years, 66.8 % were female, and 50.8 % had generalized anxiety disorder. There was a significant positive relationship between GAD and age, sex, current residency, and traumatic events exposure. With participants aged 17–18 years old having 82 % higher odds of experiencing GAD in comparison with the reference age group (OR = 1.8 (95 % CI [1.2, 2.7])). Furthermore, females were found to have 92 % higher odds for GAD as compared with men (OR = 1.9 (95 % CI [1.4, 2.6])). Whereas internally displaced participants showed 205 % higher odds of GAD in comparison to those who had not been in a war zone (OR = 3.1 (95 % CI [2.11, 4.4])). In addition, experiencing a traumatic event during the war increases the odds of having GAD by 126 % in comparison to those who did not experience it (OR = 2.3 (95 % CI [1.7, 3.1])).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>GAD was highly prevalent among the Sudanese adolescents included in the present study. The findings will help the government to provide proper mental health interventions for affected people.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends, prevalence, and determinants of unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes among adult patients in Northeast Ethiopia: The race to achieve a 90 % treatment success rate by 2025","authors":"Tegene Atamenta Kitaw ,&nbsp;Amsalu Baylie ,&nbsp;Addisu Getie ,&nbsp;Ribka Nigatu Haile","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant public health issue, especially in developing nations like Ethiopia. The country aims to reach a 90 % treatment success rate for TB by 2025. However, there is a considerable lack of recent data on treatment outcomes in the region. Current data on treatment outcomes and their determinants are crucial for guiding early interventions and aligning efforts with national goals and the End TB Strategy. Understanding the current state of TB treatment outcomes and influencing factors is vital for implementing effective interventions and measuring progress toward the target.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A four-year retrospective study (2019–2022) was conducted. From 323 patient files, 312 were eligible to be included in the final analysis, resulting in a response rate of 96.6 %. Data collection utilized a structured checklist, and analysis was performed with STATA version 18. The Mann-Kendall trend test was used to detect trends in TB incidence. Multicollinearity was checked using variance inflation factors (VIFs). A logistic regression model identified determinants of treatment outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study revealed that 84.94 % of participants achieved favorable treatment outcomes, while 15.06 % had unfavorable outcomes. A decreasing trend in unfavorable outcomes was noted, from 18.84 % in 2019 to 10.71 % in 2022 (Kendall's tau (τ) = −0.0686). Determinants of unfavorable outcomes included older age (AOR: 3.59, 95 % CI: 1.23–10.56), HIV positivity (AOR: 5.43, 95 % CI: 1.65–10.83), and smear-negative pulmonary TB (AOR: 3.82, 95 % CI: 1.39–10.45).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The overall treatment success rate of 84.94 % is below the global target of &gt;90 % for 2025. Tailored treatment strategies for older patients and those co-infected with HIV are recommended. Additionally, improving TB diagnostic capabilities is essential for early intervention and achieving better outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on the commentary “On measurement error, PSA doubling time, and prostate cancer”","authors":"Lawrence L. Kupper ,&nbsp;Sandra L. Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100187","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All are not created equal: Method descriptions in an epidemiology publication differ among media summaries – A case study comparison","authors":"Lilianne Samad,&nbsp;J.E. Reed","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is common to see mass media headlines about health-related topics in traditional and online news outlets, as well as on social media platforms. What a consumer might not realize is that often these headlines are a distillation of results reported in epidemiologic publications. Journalists make decisions about what information to include and exclude, hopefully without compromising the main conclusions. In this exercise, sixty-three media articles that summarized one peer-reviewed journal publication (Zhang et al., 2021) describing results from a cohort study on coffee and tea consumption and risk of stroke and dementia were compared to determine the consistency of details among them. The most heterogeneity was observed in whether articles compared results with other literature. There was some variation in inclusion of a measure of frequency within the study population, and in details describing measurement of exposure. However, most of the articles were consistent in either including or excluding other methodological details in the main text. The results of the present comparison have implications for readers, researchers, and journalists. Readers must know that media summaries of peer reviewed studies are just that – summaries. It is likely that some information from the original source is not represented by the article, and that additional information might be necessary to craft an informed opinion on a given topic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the current and future potential of simulations based on directed acyclic graphs","authors":"Lutz P. Breitling ,&nbsp;Anca D. Dragomir ,&nbsp;Chongyang Duan ,&nbsp;George Luta","doi":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Real-world data are playing an increasingly important role in regulatory decision making. Adequately addressing bias is of paramount importance in this context. Structural representations of bias using directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) provide a unified approach to conceptualize bias, distinguish between different types of bias, and identify ways to address bias. DAG-based data simulation further enhances the scope of this approach. Recently, DAGs have been used to demonstrate how missing eligibility information can compromise emulated target trial analysis, a cutting edge approach to estimate treatment effects using real-world data. The importance of simulation for methodological research has received substantial recognition in the past few years, and others have argued that simulating data based on DAGs can be especially helpful for understanding various epidemiological concepts. In the present work, we present two concrete examples of how simulations based on DAGs can be used to gain insights into issues commonly encountered in real-world analytics, i.e., regression modelling to address confounding bias, and the potential extent of selection bias. Increasing accessibility and extending the simulation algorithms of existing software to include longitudinal and time-to-event data are identified as priorities for further development. With such extensions, simulations based on DAGs would be an even more powerful tool to advance our understanding of the rapidly growing toolbox of real-world analytics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36311,"journal":{"name":"Global Epidemiology","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}