International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks最新文献

{"title":"Managing scientific research in southeast Brazil: attributes and needs","authors":"Amanda Ayumi Kenshima Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Klécia Gili Massi ,&nbsp;Humberto Gallo Jr","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Scientific research plays an important role in safeguarding protected areas. However, there are barriers to conducting science and uncertainties regarding how this knowledge might locally guide conservation actions. Therefore, our study aimed at analyzing how research is managed in 22 state parks managed by the Forestry Foundation in São Paulo, Southeast Brazil, and verifying whether park age, available infrastructure, number of trails, and staff were crucial for fostering scientific research. Using official information on websites, a survey and a database provided by the state environmental agency, we tested the relationship between these variables by performing multivariate regression analyzes. We also systematically reviewed management plans of each state park to identify research priorities. Parks with better physical and organizational resources and more efficient management, attracted more research projects. Our results showed that only a third of the research priorities were met, indicating a deficit in knowledge needed for management. The most important variables identified for scientific research in Brazilian parks could serve as targets for other protected areas worldwide (e.g., the number of trails to access study sites).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"14 1","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147425312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inventory of karstic cavities of the Schisto-Calcaire Group, Republic of Congo: Applying a geoheritage promotion approach in the Madingou region","authors":"Nicy Carmel Bazebizonza Tchiguina ,&nbsp;Prefina Risiany Rachelle Samba ,&nbsp;Hardy Medry Dieu-Veill Nkodia ,&nbsp;Florent Boudzoumou ,&nbsp;Imen Arfaoui ,&nbsp;Camille François ,&nbsp;Pascale Lahogue","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Karst systems are increasingly recognized as valuable geoheritage sites. Although Africa hosts numerous karst landscapes, few countries maintain comprehensive inventories. Here, we investigated the karstic cavities within the Schisto-Calcaire Group in the Republic of Congo and assessed their geoheritage potential. We identified 169 karstic cavities by compiling data from publications, speleological reports, and field expeditions mainly in the Bangou Forest, the Madingou and Loudima valley regions. The inventory shows that 42 cavities have archaeological or anthropological significance. The Madingou region was selected as a focal point for fieldwork due to its high concentration of karstic cavities. This led to the discovery of 24 new cavities and revealed advanced karst development, including cone karst morphologies (fengcong, fenglin), dolines, uvalas, and karst springs. These cavities host diverse speleothems, cave-dwelling fauna, and ceramic remains. The geomorphological features result from interactions between lithological variability, tectonic structures, and surface processes. The geoheritage potential was assessed using a six-criteria classification framework encompassing geomorphology, hydrology, endokarst, lithology-palaeontology, tectonics-structural, and archaeology. The results underscore the high scientific, touristic, and educational value of the Madingou karst, highlighting the need for geoconservation strategies and sustainable tourism development. This study marks the first implementation of a systematic inventory approach toward geoheritage promotion in a Congolese karstic region and in Central Africa. This approach offers a replicable model for other areas. Linking geoheritage to sustainable land management contributes to SDG 11.4 on safeguarding cultural and natural heritage, as well as SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"14 1","pages":"Pages 43-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147425313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of participatory tools and vernacular knowledge in interpreted landscapes: Two examples from the French Alps","authors":"Michele Guerini ,&nbsp;Fabien Hoblea ,&nbsp;Marco Giardino ,&nbsp;Ludovic Ravanel","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The popularity of geotourism is on the rise, and participatory approach projects are becoming increasingly common within the UNESCO Global Geoparks network. Nevertheless, geoparks may occasionally fail in the purpose of connecting with communities, and the application of community participation may be confusing. This paper, through a qualitative analysis, explores the integration of participatory tools and vernacular knowledge in managing geotourism in the Northern French Alps, focusing on their potential to enhance geotrails and interpretation centers. While these practices can strengthen community engagement and project success, they are still underutilized in geotourism management. The data were collected through a combination of methods, including observation of interpretation panels, supplementary materials, and technologies, as well as through direct observation and seven expert interviews. The findings indicate that geotrails and interpretive centers are considered essential for popularizing geology, diversifying tourism, and achieving regional sustainable development. Furthermore, the importance of participatory tools and popular knowledge for interpreted environments and the achievement of territorial sustainable development is emphasized. However, the qualitative data analysis suggests that there is an underemphasis on participatory tools and an inadequate integration of vernacular knowledge in the study areas, which raises questions about the long-term efficacy of these approaches with absolute certainty. This highlights the need for standardized models to guide participatory approaches and evaluate their effectiveness, as well as the integration of vernacular knowledge into geotrails. Additionally, recognizing the potential value of these elements, it is essential to increase local community involvement in the design of geotrails and to better incorporate vernacular knowledge into the narrative.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"14 1","pages":"Pages 28-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147425310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of geotourism resilience: Machine learning methodologies and key insights","authors":"Himan Shahabi ,&nbsp;Davood Jamini ,&nbsp;Ataollah Shirzadi ,&nbsp;Hojatollah Sadeghi ,&nbsp;Hossein Komasi ,&nbsp;Ismail Elkhrachy ,&nbsp;Aryan Salvati ,&nbsp;John J. Clague ,&nbsp;Zahed Ghaderi","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The tourism industry, along with its various sub-sectors, offers numerous economic, social, and cultural benefits to host communities, particularly in rural areas. However, few studies have explored the prediction of geotourism resilience at the Likert scale using machine learning techniques, especially those focusing on feature selection through the 10-fold cross-validation technique. This study aims to predict geotourism resilience using several machine learning algorithms—including artificial neural networks (ANN), Bayes net (BN), logistic regression (LR), naive Bayes (NB), naive Bayes tree (NBTree), and random forest (RF)—in Quri-Qaleh village, Ravansar county, Kermanshah province, Iran. Data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 150 individuals through a structured questionnaire. The most important variables on geotourism resilience were selected based on the average merit of the information gain ratio (AM_IGR) feature selection technique. To evaluate the models' goodness-of-fit and predictive performance, several statistical metrics—including precision, recall, <em>F</em>1-measure, area under the curve (AUC)—as well as the non-parametric Friedman test, were applied. The findings revealed 65.3% of respondents exhibited low to very low resilience, 10.7% moderate resilience, and 24% high to very high resilience. Among the predictive variables, product innovation (PI; AM_IGR = 0.254), government support (GS; AM_IGR = 0.253), increased destination attractiveness (IDA; AM_IGR = 0.213), monthly income (MI; AM_IGR = 0.203) and social capital (SC; AM_IGR = 0.189) emerged as the five most influential variables. Comparative analysis indicated the NB algorithm outperformed other models in predicting geotourism resilience (mean of AUC = 0.826; <em>F</em>1-measure = 0.627; recall = 0.622, and precision = 0.651). This research can assist decision-makers in environmental and rural development in identifying strategies to strengthen the resilience of geotourism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"14 1","pages":"Pages 91-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147425314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geoethics supporting geotourism modelling: Assessing karst geosites and management practices in Serbia and Montenegro","authors":"Aleksandar Antić ,&nbsp;Mike Buchanan ,&nbsp;Milica G. Bosnić ,&nbsp;Miloš Marjanović ,&nbsp;Giuseppe Di Capua ,&nbsp;Silvia Peppoloni ,&nbsp;Slobodan B. Marković ,&nbsp;Velibor Spalević ,&nbsp;Rastko Marković ,&nbsp;Nemanja Tomić","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the development of a comprehensive karst geoethics assessment model (KGAM) that integrates karst vulnerability, conservation practices, and tourism utilization to promote a geoethical approach to International Best Practice (IBP), ensuring appropriate karst site management. The primary goal is to assess the performance from a geoethical perspective of sustainable management strategies for geologically significant destinations. As a case study, eight karst geosites in Serbia and Montenegro were subject to evaluation using four sets of indicators: karst vulnerability (KV), human activities (HA), conservation efforts (CE), and geoethical tourism performance (GTP). Results reveal a range of vulnerabilities, conservation statuses, and tourism practices across the geosites, highlighting significant challenges, particularly in waste management, biodiversity loss, and geoethical awareness of local communities. Whilst a few geosites demonstrate robust conservation efforts and low human interference, others face high vulnerabilities from tourism and urban activities. The study emphasizes the need for specialised management strategies, educational programs, and geoethical practices to ensure the sustainable management and conservation of karst geosites. Recommendations for targeted interventions, stakeholder involvement, and geoethical tourism promotion are provided to improve the long-term sustainability of these unique landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"14 1","pages":"Pages 108-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147425315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geoeducation, geotourism, and geoconservation of the Timaderouine Ediacaran-Ordovician geosites, western Tinghir (Eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco)","authors":"Mohamed El Ouali ,&nbsp;Said Adardor ,&nbsp;Badre Essafraoui ,&nbsp;Ismail Ait Lahssaine ,&nbsp;Badre Messaoudi ,&nbsp;François-Nicolas Krencker ,&nbsp;Abdelhakim Kadiri ,&nbsp;Hanane Khaffou ,&nbsp;Radouan El Bamiki ,&nbsp;Mostafa Benzaazoua ,&nbsp;Lahcen Kabiri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2026.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Ediacaran-Paleozoic rocks of the Timaderouine area are exposed in the Jbel Saghro domain, which belongs to the Eastern Anti-Atlas Mountain Belt in Southern Morocco. The region contains geosites with significance in structural geology, mineralogy, sedimentology, paleontology, geomorphology, and important mining potential. This study focuses on the inventory and the quantitative assessment of nine Ediacaran-Ordovician geosites in the west of Tinghir city. The global methodology used for assessment is based on evaluating each geosite's scientific, educational, touristic, and degradation risk values. The results indicate that the scientific value is high (scores are ranging from 330 to 370) for seven geosites and moderate for two geosites (290 and 300 respectively). In terms of educational value, all the geosites exhibit high scores, with a maximum of 340. Moreover, the touristic value is high at two geosites (305 and 310 respectively), while the remaining seven geosites exhibit moderate values. Finally, five geosites have a moderate degradation risk, with a maximum score of 225. The other four geosites are categorized, each scoring 130. The moderate degradation risk values are mainly caused by the small extension of geosites, water and wind erosion, mining activity, and illegal and abusive fossil collection. Based on these findings and the significant value of the assessed geosites in the nearby High Atlas and M'Goun Geopark, it is essential to implement protective measures and conservation strategies for the geosites in the Timaderouine area. This would enhance geotourism attractiveness of the Tinghir territory, part of the Draa-Tafilalet region and support the development of future geoconservation, educational, and tourism strategies. Ultimately, the establishment of a new UNESCO Global Geopark (Saghro Geopark) within the Draa-Tafilalet region could contribute to sustainable development and improve the socioeconomic conditions of the local communities, particularly by expanding geotourism-driven economic opportunities in Tinghir province.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"14 1","pages":"Pages 127-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147425568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geosites and geodiversity sites of the Tinghir–Dades–Imilchil area, Morocco: Toward conservation, education, and tourism development","authors":"Mohamed El Ouali ,&nbsp;Lahcen Kabiri ,&nbsp;Badre Essafraoui ,&nbsp;Mohamed Ben Bammou ,&nbsp;Ismail Ait Lahssaine ,&nbsp;Badre Messaoudi ,&nbsp;Rowan Martindale","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tinghir-Dades-Imilchil area is a geosite of high scientific, educational, and touristic values in the Draa-Tafilalet Region, southeast Morocco. It has a rich geodiversity, including mountain ranges, plains, deserts, plateaus, and coasts, offering geomorphological and panoramic views, oases, lacks, and unique geological features (e.g., structural geology, sedimentology, petrography, paleontology, and hydrogeology). This paper focuses on the inventory and quantitative assessment of 25 sites of geological interest using the Global Methodology based on scientific value (SV), potential educational use (PEU) and potential touristic use (PTU), and degradation risk (DR) of each site. Indeed, SV is very high for 15 sites, high for 9 sites, and moderate for 1 site; PEU is very high for 21 sites and high for 4 sites; PTU is very high for 8 sites and high for 17 sites; and DR is high for 10 sites and moderate for 15 sites. Thus, 15 geosites (sites with very high SV values) and 10 geodiversity sites (sites with very high PEU or PTU values) are identified. These sites show highly significant scientific, educational, and touristic potentialities that should be valued and protected from degradation. Our work fits in well with the National Program of the Geology of Morocco-2030 strategy and the UNESCO directives, which aim at the inventory, awareness, valorization, and preservation of geological heritage. In addition, identifying and valuing these sites will help increase the area's attractiveness, preserve the environment, and protect and enhance the region's geological history by introducing the geoheritage concept into its local and regional development plans. Suggested recommendations for their valorization and preservation constitute a valuable tool for local stakeholders to program their future sustainable actions and to improve the living conditions of the local population by creating new employment opportunities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"13 4","pages":"Pages 652-670"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to ‘Geoheritage of tropical regions: An overview’ [International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, Volume 13, Issue 3, 388–411]","authors":"Adolfo Quesada-Román ,&nbsp;Manuel Peralta-Reyes ,&nbsp;Károly Németh ,&nbsp;Ghislain Zangmo Tefogoum ,&nbsp;Javier Dóniz-Páez ,&nbsp;Zbigniew Zwoliński ,&nbsp;Maria da Glória Motta Garcia ,&nbsp;Małgorzata Mazurek ,&nbsp;Piotr Migoń","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"13 4","pages":"Page 691"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site suitability evaluation for ecotourism using geographic information system (GIS) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) in Aroresa and Chire districts, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Temesgen Kolcha ,&nbsp;Mikias Biazen ,&nbsp;Zerihun Girma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The significance of ecotourism has gained increasing recognition due to its contributions to environmental conservation and sustainable development. This study aims to identify potential sites for ecotourism development in the Aroresa and Chire districts, Sidama Region. A combination of field observations, key informant interviews, and spatial data analysis was used to identify the main ecotourism resources and assess the suitability of potential sites. River, land use land cover, natural attraction, elevation, road, slope, rainfall, temperature, and cultural attraction were used to prepare the criteria maps. Geographic information and remote sensing software were used to evaluate the site for ecotourism. The analytical hierarchy process was also applied to derive the relative weights of criteria maps, followed by a weighted overlay analysis to generate the final suitability map. The findings indicate that the districts are endowed with a wealth of natural, cultural, and historical attractions, including diverse flora and fauna, scenic landscapes, waterfalls, wetlands, and cultural heritage sites. The suitability analysis showed that a considerable portion of the districts (65.5% in Aroresa and 82.8% in Chire) are moderately suitable for ecotourism, with smaller areas being highly suitable (9.1% in Aroresa and 6.1% in Chire) or marginally suitable. The researchers recommend that decision-makers prioritize the promotion and development of these identified ecotourism potentials and suitable sites to foster the growth of ecotourism destinations, thereby contributing to environmental conservation and sustainable development in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"13 4","pages":"Pages 601-615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovering the Earth: Design and implementation of geoeducation strategies and their social impact in rural areas of Chicamocha Canyon: Case study at Instituto Valle del Río de Oro, Piedecuesta (Colombia)","authors":"Laura Juliana García-Cala ,&nbsp;Leinys Carolina Vega-Angarita ,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Ríos-Reyes ,&nbsp;Luz Stella Viviescas-Beltrán","doi":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijgeop.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on designing and implementing geoeducation programs at Instituto Valle del Río de Oro in Piedecuesta, Colombia. These programs aim to enhance academic understanding of local geology while integrating heritage values to maximize educational and social impact. Pedagogical strategies were customized for different age groups and educational levels. The approach included using a structured educational booklet and practical activities such as volcanic eruption simulations and fossil replicas to promote hands-on learning. The results demonstrated significant improvements in students' academic performance and geological understanding. Statistical analyses revealed increased average scores and reduced knowledge variability after participating in the programs. Surveys also indicated a positive shift in students' perception toward the geological and cultural heritage of the Chicamocha Canyon, reflecting heightened appreciation and commitment to its conservation. This study highlights the effectiveness of geoeducation strategies not only in enhancing geology education but also in strengthening students' cultural and environmental identities. Integrating heritage values into geoeducation emerges as a crucial approach for fostering critical awareness and responsible stewardship of local natural and cultural resources. By presenting successful educational strategies, this research contributes valuable insights into how geoeducation can enhance academic outcomes and promote deeper connections with geological and cultural heritage. It underscores the broader societal benefits of integrating heritage values into educational frameworks, applicable to similar contexts globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks","volume":"13 4","pages":"Pages 506-519"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}