International Journal of Phytopathology最新文献

{"title":"Epidemiology of Rust Disease on Pea (Pisum sativum) in Mid Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh, India","authors":"Payal, Manjula, Aishwarya, S. Avasthi, Ravinder Kumar, R. K. Verma, A. Gautam","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4179","url":null,"abstract":"Pea is third most important pulse crop of the world which is being cultivated all over the globe over the land area of two million hectares. Despite of its being grown in large area, this crop is infected by numerous pathogens including rust disease. This rust is disease of pea is caused by Uromyces viciae fabae affect the pea crop all over the mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Therefore, the present study was conducted in mid-hill regions lies in District Mandi of Himachal Pradesh out to know the epidemiology of rust disease on pea (Pisum sativum). A survey of total thirteen study sites was carried out and effects on different plant characteristics like plant height, number of leaves, pods (number of pods and seeds per pod), leaf length and length of pods was evaluated. Results revealed that rust disease on pea crop was observed from seven study areas. Disease symptoms appeared as rust sori of aecia, uredia and telia which poses severe infection on entire plant. Variable degrees of disease severity and incidence of pea rust was observed in different study areas where infection was observed. An increase in disease severity and incidence was observed with the growth of pea crop. The disease severity (DS) was found in the range of 1.4–46.3% whereas, diseases incidence (DI) was observed in the range of 3.3–47.5%. Analysis of results revealed that infected plants showed significant decline in plant height, number of leaves, pods (number of pods and seeds per pod) and leaf length as compare to healthy plants. The plant height of infected plants was observed in the range of 17.8-16.3cm, whereas, number of leaves, pods (number of pods and seeds per pod) and leaf length were observed in the range of 87-65.6, 16-14, 11-7 and 4-3cm respectively. However, no significant difference was recorded in length of pods in infected and healthy plants. It is necessary to use suitable preventive and curative control measures to avoid heavy losses in final yield. Besides the use of chemical pesticides, the use of mycorrhizal fungi now days is proving beneficial to enhance overall growth performance of the plants for sustainable agricultural production","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84811696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Potential of Green Silver Nanoparticles from Berberis vulgaris against Bacterial Spot of Tomato and its Surveillance in Poonch District","authors":"Basharat Mehmood, M. Abbas, Sajjad Hussain, Nasir Rahim, Saima Shafique, R. Khan, Tahmina Zafar, Rafia M. Bhatti, A. Bakar, M. T. Younas, S. O. Javed, Shameen Arif","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4589","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial spot of tomato is a major constraint to tomato production in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates, leading to significant crop losses. The current study aimed to manage the highly devastating disease bacterial spot of tomato, caused by Xanthomonas perforans, using green silver nanoparticles based on Berberis vulgaris plant extract. Disease parameters, namely disease prevalence and disease incidence, were calculated from tomato growing areas of district Poonch, AJK, to document the current status of bacterial spot disease on local tomato cultivars. The associated pathogenic strains were purified, and virulence study was conducted on healthy tomato seedlings followed by characterization using morphological, biochemical, and molecular analysis. B. vulgaris plant extract was used for the preparation of green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and three different concentrations were prepared (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%). For texture and molecular composition study, characterization of green AgNPs was done using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Green silver nanoparticles were then evaluated using the inhibition zone technique in the lab, and it was found that the maximum inhibition zone of 24.32 mm was observed at a 0.6% concentration. Similarly, in the greenhouse experiment, the minimum disease incidence was recorded in the treatment with a 0.6% concentration of green AgNPs. The results of the current study showed a significant reduction in disease incidence while using green silver nanoparticles against bacterial spot of tomato","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73342763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moringa olefra Plant Based Copper and Silver Nano Particles and its Antibacterial Activity towards Leaf Spot of Chilli caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria","authors":"Tahreem Fatima, N. Rajput, M. Usman, G. A. Kachelo, U. Ahmad, A. M. Arif, Ahmad Nawaz, Muhmmad Kashif, Maryam Ashraf","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4306","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) is one of the most devastating diseases, causing serious losses in chilli crop yield. The extensive usage of chemicals has increased the toxicity of the environment. Nanotechnology products are indeed being developed as a promising approach for plant disease control with minimal impact on the environment. In the present research, the antibacterial activity of green synthesized nanoparticles (Silver and Zinc nanoparticles) was investigated against Xcv. Different concentrations (0.25, 0.6 and 0.75%) of the green synthesized nanoparticles (AgNPs and ZnNPs) along with their combination were evaluated under lab conditions against Xcv under Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Results showed that the combination of both nanoparticles (AgNPs+ZnNPs) gave the best results and expressed maximum inhibition zone (25.207 mm), followed by solo applications of AgNPs and ZnNPs (18.458 and 12.253 mm). Whereas, the interaction of treatment and concentration combination (AgNPs+ZnNPs) expressed a maximum inhibition zone (28.459 mm) at 0.75% concentration as compared to other treatments. The concentration (0.75%) at which bacteria showed the maximum inhibition zone was used to control the bacterial leaf spot of chilli under field conditions. The experiment was conducted under a Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) where AgNPs+ZnNPs expressed the best results with minimum disease incidence (21.92%) followed by solo treatments of AgNPs and ZnNPs (26.999 and 35.320%)","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88597228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmers’ Perception and Knowledge in Begomovirus Epidemiology and Control in Pakistan","authors":"T. Bahar, Mehwish Rauf, S. Muqeet, M. Haider","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4480","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is the backbone of Pakistan and the growing crops are called as the “spinal cord” of the state but still import bill of the country agricultural products is rising day by day and issues of the food security is also becoming grave because of less knowledge of farmers about the emerging abiotic and biotic stresses affecting the crop productivity. Among various biotic stresses, prevalence of begomoviruses is considered to be a major constraint in reducing the yields of economically important food and fiber crops. Farmers’ perception and their knowledge regarding begomoviruses epidemiology and practices are the pre-requisites for effective virus control. A farmer survey mostly having less than 12.5 acres land mostly of vegetables, rice and maize growers involving 250 randomly selected respondents from five major districts (Nankana, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Gujrat, and Lahore) of Punjab, Pakistan to inquire from them whether they are familiar with begomoviruses identification, their means of transfer from diseases inoculum to healthy plants and associated losses in fields, proper management of these losses on time, was conducted to better understand the farmer knowledge and practices and to set the possible pathways for intervention of effective virus control. Lack of sufficient technical information regarding vector of begomovirus, their transmission and disease symptoms was the major hindrance to the efforts of farmers for effective virus control. In addition, the farmers did not have sufficient knowledge of locally available methods of begomovirus control. The highest prioritization aspect of virus control for immediate attention were determined by decision making such as spider diagram. Use of effective pesticides, certified planting material, and begomovirus tolerant cultivars were found to be the most attention requiring virus control aspects which could have a greater influence to lower the virus prevalence in field crops. Present study suggests that enhancing the farmer knowledge is a highest prioritized key determinant of effective virus control strategy for implementation in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75134188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence, Characterization and Pathogenic Variability of Fusarium oxysporum in the Punjab Province of Pakistan","authors":"M. Zeeshan, Tariq Mukhtar, M. Inam-ul-Haq, Muhammad J. Asad","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4464","url":null,"abstract":"The present studies were conducted to determine the incidence of wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum in the major chili-growing districts of Punjab, characterization of Fusarium isolates, and assessment of their pathogenic variability. The overall incidence of Fusarium wilt in the five major surveyed districts of the Punjab province was 9.2% in the year 2015-16 and 9.3% in the year 2016-17. The maximum disease incidence of 10.04% was recorded in district Multan in the year 2015-16 while it was the minimum (7.06%) in district Sahiwal. A similar trend was observed in the disease incidences during the year 2016-17. The disease incidences varied among different localities of the five districts. In total, 92 isolates were recovered from the chili crop in Punjab. All the recovered purified isolates were morphologically characterized using different parameters like colony color, growth habit, pigmentation, days to fill 9-cm-dish, concentric rings, size and shape of macroconidia and microconidia, phialide, septation in macroconidia, diameter, and formation of chlamydospores and interseptal distance. All the isolates were confirmed as Fusarium oxysporum. Based on the pathogenicity test, plants showing more than 75% wilting were rated as highly pathogenic, plants showing 50.1-75% wilting were pathogenic, plants showing 25.1-50% wilting were categorized as moderately pathogenic, and plants showing 0.1-25% wilting were graded as weakly pathogenic. The highly pathogenic and pathogenic isolates were subjected to molecular studies and all the isolates made a band of 550-600 on the gel. All the isolates showed 99-100% similarity with already reported Fusarium species. The phylogenetic tree showed a close relationship between all the isolates","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88982490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Resistance to Fungal Pathogen Hemileia Vastatrix of Liberica Coffee Based on Functional Marker","authors":"N. N. Wahibah, R. P. Putri, L. Muflikhah, A. Martina, A. .","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4371","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR) disease caused by fungal pathogen Hemileia vastatrix is one of devastated diseases in coffee plants.  Disease RGA (resistance gene analog) primer pair CARF 005 has been reported for leaf rust-resistant screening in Arabica coffee and has never been reported in Liberica coffee. Previously, Liberoid Meranti 1 and 2 (Lim 1 and Lim 2) from Meranti Islands Indonesia were officially published by the government as CLR resistant cultivars and adaptive to peat soil. Our study aimed to analyze the resistance of Liberica coffee plants based on functional primer CARF 005. We sampled healthy plants of three Liberica genotypes (Lim 1, Lim 2, Bengkalis) in commercial farmer fields. DNA was extracted from young leaves, amplified and sequenced using CARF 005 primers. All samples generated DNA band about 400 bp. In addition, nucleotide sequences are similar to Arabica putative disease resistance gene.  All the three sequences contain NB-ARC conserved domain which contribute to pathogenic-resistant trait. The regions also contain one motif sequence of P-loop/Walker-A domain. Our result confirmed that DNA fragments amplified by CARF 005 are linked to RGA region and eventually we suggested that CARF 005 can be used to identify resistance to CLR in Liberica. It will particularly contribute for supporting Liberica breeding program and conservation of Liberica germplasm","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86837193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Greenhouse-Grown Tomatoes: Microbial Diseases and their Control Methods: A Review","authors":"Noor Ally, H. Neetoo, V. Ranghoo‐Sanmukhiya, T. Coutinho","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.01.4273","url":null,"abstract":"The cultivation of tomatoes in greenhouse structures is becoming increasingly common as a crop production system. However, the environmental conditions inside a greenhouse favour the development of microbial diseases. These diseases have an adverse effect on the tomato yield and can lead to serious economic losses. This review will give an insight into the major diseases affecting greenhouse-grown tomatoes, the respective causal agents and recommended control strategies. Some of the major diseases are of a bacterial, fungal, viral or nematode origin and include bacterial spot and speck, bacterial canker, early blight, gray mold, leaf mold, powdery mildew, tomato mosaic virus, tomato big bug and root knot. For each disease, the symptoms and risk factors responsible for disease development are described. In addition, the different structural designs and set-ups of tomato greenhouses are covered along with their advantages and limitations, especially any adverse effects on yield and susceptibility to disease. Although conventional control measures are discussed, greater emphasis is laid on the use of alternative biocontrol measures that include Effective Microorganisms, natural antimicrobials and nanobiopesticides. Moreover, information gathered in this review is based on a combination of available literature and expert guidance. This compilation is hoped to be instructive for tomato growers opting for greenhouse farming and assist them in the application of timely and more effective control measures","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78226148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some Volatile Metabolites Produced by the Antifungal-Trichoderma Asperellum UZ-A4 Micromycete","authors":"J. Shavkiev, Karimov H. Kholmamatovich, T. B. Ismoilovna, Azimova N. S. Kizi, Nazirbekov M. Khodjakbarovich, Khamidova K. Muminovna","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4263","url":null,"abstract":"The fungus of the genus Trichoderma is characterized by high biological activity and the ability to synthesize many compounds of great scientific interest. Among them, producers of amino acids, nucleic and organic acids, vitamins, surface-active substances, numerous hydrolases, various antibiotics and other substances were revealed. In this work there were studied volatile organic compounds produced by the fungus Trichoderma asperellum Uz-A4, isolated from the soil of the cotton field of the Bukhara region of Uzbekistan infected with phytopathogens. The antagonistic activity of the fungus about phytopathogens Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani was evaluated. Trichoderma asperellum Uz-A4 micromyzet showed high activity on the 4 th day against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani about Aspergillus niger on the 9th day. From the culture fluid of the fungus Trichoderma asperellum Uz-A4, 11 main substances have been isolated and identified. Mass - spectrometric analysis has shown that these are the substances of Phenylethylcohol; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; Dehydroa Ceticacid; 1-Dodecanol; 2,4-di-tert-Butylphenol; Diethyl Suberate; n-hexadecanoic acid; 1-hexadecanol, 2-methyl; Phthalic Acid, Ethyl Pentadecyl Ester; Mono (2-Thylhexyl) Phthalate; Octadecanoic Acid. A chemical formula, molecular weight and the absorption spectrum of these substances have been determined. The results indicated that these secondary metabolites could be useful for biological control applications of T. asperellum Uz-A4 strain against diverse plant pathogens.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90052406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Antifungal Potential of Indigenous Plant Extracts against Grey Mould and HPLC And LC-MS Based Identification of Phytochemical Compounds in Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don Extracts","authors":"Z. Jabeen, A. Riaz, F. Naz, M. S. Ahmed, Asfand Raheel","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4331","url":null,"abstract":"Grey mould disease is one of the highly destructive post-harvest strawberry disease caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Several synthetic compounds are being used against B. cinerea but due to resistance development by synthetic fungicide many alternative management strategies have explored nowadays.  In this study, antifungal potential of indigenous plant extracts against grey mould was evaluated and amongst these plant extracts HPLC and LC-MS based identification of phytochemical compounds in Polygonum amplexicaule was also done. In this regards, firstly in vitro evaluation of the antifungal properties of twelve plant extracts was undertaken against B. cinerea using fungal growth medium, of which five plants extracts (P. amplexicaule, T. vulgaris, D. viscosa S. nigrum and E. globules) indicated the percent mycelia inhibition in fungal growth is greater than 75% which were then used for in vivo experiment. P. amplexicaule showed (81%) the highest growth inhibition in vitro as well as in in vivo (80%) activity during storage conditions (on strawberry fruits) against the fungus. HPLC analysis of methanolic extracts of P. amplexicaule showed, the total phenolics 6.176 (µg GAE/mg SW)   including 0.157 (µg GAE/mg SW) gallic acid and protocatechic acid. While total fluorescence were 1.85 (µg cate/mg SW) including catechin, procyanidin and epicatechin. Total hyrdoxycinnamates were found to be 7.696 (µg CAE/mg SW) comprising on chlorogenic acids, neochlorogenic acids and 4-caffeoylquinic acids. LC-MS based identification also showed the presence of acids like caffeic, and gallic acid. Other showed the presence of rutin, quercetin, catechin, kaemferol and myricetin. It was concluded that Polygonum amplexicaule extract has effective against grey mould amongst all indigenous plant extracts and detected known and unknown compounds from the plant are well known for antimicrobial activity. Therefore in future further investigation can carried out for synthesis of bio based fungicide from these compounds of Polygonum plant extract on commercial scale against post-harvest pathogens of strawberry.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84071752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenic Characterization of Three Fusarium Species Associated with Onion (Allium cepa L.) In Burkina Faso","authors":"Sogoba K. Hamidou, Koïta Kadidia, Ouattara Alassane, Sanaa A. Mohamed, K. A. Itolou, Sawadogo Harouna, C. Claudine","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.011.03.4327","url":null,"abstract":"Basal rot is a widespread onion disease caused by fungi belonging to Fusarium genus. The disease is known to incur onion yield loss worldwide. This study aims to identify and determine the pathogenicity of Fusarium species associated with basal rot of onions in Burkina Faso. Thirteen Fusarium isolates from seven regions of Burkina Faso were identified based on morphological observations and molecular diagnosis and their pathogenicity was assessed in laboratory and Greenhouse. Results showed that, the 13 isolates belonged to Fusarium falciforme, Fusarium acutatum and Fusarium oxysporum species. F. falciforme, F. acutatum and F. oxysporum were pathogenic on onion seeds, seedlings and bulbs. F. falciforme caused lower seedling damping-off rate compared to that caused by F. acutatum and F. oxysporum. All these species of Fusarium genus induced onion bulbs rots. The results of this study confirmed the presence of these species in Burkina Faso and that they are pathogenic on onion. Therefore, it would be useful to suggest an implement sustainable management approach of these pathogens.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78275602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}