International Journal of Phytopathology最新文献

{"title":"Integration of Rhizobacterial Isolates and Airone Chemical for Effective Management of Bacterial Wilt in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)","authors":"Umair Mahmood, M. Inam-ul-Haq, G. Irshad, Rifat Hayat","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4986","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of integrated disease management strategies against bacterial wilt, caused by Erwinia tracheiphila in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) within a controlled greenhouse environment. A total of 56 E. tracheiphila were recovered from the symptomatic cucumber plants among which 13 were tested highly virulent. Among six rhizobacterial isolates; Pseudomonas flurescens-3 (Pf-3), Pseudomonas putida-5 (Pu-5), Pseudomonas stutzeri-2 (Ps-2), Bacillus subtilis-1 (Bs-1), Bacillus safensis-2 (Bs-2), and Pseudomonas stutzeri-1 (Ps-1), tested in vitro using dual culture technique against extremely virulent strain of E. tracheiphila revealed Pf-3, Pu-5 and Bs-1 significantly reduced its growth. Two separate experiments were performed to investigate the synergistic effects of these PGPRs in combination with Airone chemical (active ingredients; Copper Oxychloride + Copper Hydroxide 20%SC by Swat Agro Chemicals, Pakistan) on disease severity and overall plant growth. In the first experiment, eight treatments were tested in a complete randomized design (CRD) with eight replications, focusing on the combination of Pf-3, Pu-5 and Bs-1. Results revealed that the combined application of Pf-3 and Pu-5 significantly outperformed other treatments, exhibiting substantial improvements in key growth parameters; vine length, number of leaves and branches per plant, and a remarkable reduction in disease severity compared to positive and negative controls. In the second experiment, Pf-3, Pu-5 and Bs-1 and Airone chemical were employed in seed and soil treatments to confer resistance to E. tracheiphila and suppress bacterial wilt. The treatment involving P.u-5 and Bs-1, along with a foliar spray of Airone, recorded the lowest disease severity and an increase in plant growth compared to the positive control. These findings suggest that the synergistic application of PGPR and Airone chemical holds promise for integrated disease management in cucumber, providing effective control of bacterial wilt while promoting plant growth. Moreover, the environmentally friendly nature of rhizobacterial-based formulations underscores their potential as safe alternatives for controlling soil-borne plant pathogens without adverse effects on human health or the environment","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"88 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139132204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Covered Kernel Smut (Sporisorium sorghi) Disease of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) at Gabilley District in Somaliland","authors":"Mukhtar Dahir, Merkuz Abera, Hared Abdullahi","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4249","url":null,"abstract":"Sorghum is multi-purpose crop that plays an important role in the socio-economic life of farming communities in Somaliland. However its production and productivity is threatened due to Covered kernel smut disease. A field experiment was carried out at Aburin Agricultural Research Center at Gabilay district in Somaliland in order to identify management options for Covered kernel smut disease of sorghum. The experiment consisted of 12 factorial treatment combinations of three varieties (i.e., Faruryogele, Abadro and Kuso) and three types of seed treatments which includes synthetic and bio-fungicides (i.e., Apron star 42WS%, Cow urine, and Neem seed kernel extract) and including Untreated control, laid out in RCBD with three replications. Parameters such as disease incidence, disease severity, phenological data, grain yield (kg)/plot, actual grain yield/plot, 1000 grains weight (g) and yield loss (%) were collected. The experiment result showed that highest disease (44.0%) incidence was recorded on untreated Kuso variety while lowest disease (4.33%) incidence was Apron star with Abadiro. Similarly, the highest disease severity (37%) was scored from Untreated Abadiro whereas lowest disease severity (4%) was scored from Abadiro with Apron star and Faruryogele with Apron star. Untreated Abadiro variety reached highest AUDPC (1036.0% days). The Apron star treated varieties had the lowest AUDPC and consistently showing markedly low infection rates indicating that they were more effective to the disease relative to the other seed treatments. The highest yield (1896 kg ha-1) was recorded from Faruryogele with Apron star and lowest (933 kg ha-1) was recorded from untreated Abadiro and Faruryogele. So, Apron star was effective to reduce the yield loss of sorghum and could be recommended to manage sorghum covered kernel smut. However, the experiment should be repeated across different environments over years in order to give the right recommendations and its rate may need to be well defined.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139133281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of New Rice Genotypes for Blast and Brown Spot Disease Resistance and Iron-Toxicity Tolerance in Burkina Faso","authors":"Adama Zongo, A. Konaté, Antoine Barro, Soumana Kone, Arnaud M. N. Ouedraogo, M. Sawadogo","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4868","url":null,"abstract":"Rice production in Burkina Faso is threatened by a number of abiotic and biotic constraints, including iron toxicity and main fungal diseases that limit the potential of cultivated varieties. The general objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of new rice genotypes against main biotic and abiotic stresses. A total of 08 genotypes were tested allowed a Fisher block design with 03 replicates. Assessments focused on severity of iron toxicity, the severity and incidence of blast and brown spot disease and agro-morphological traits. The GRS IR-6-S3-Y1-D genotype was the most sensitive to iron toxicity, while the Sahel 108, BF19AR006 and SV1CP genotypes were the most resistant. As for fungal diseases, severity scores ranged from 4.33 to 7.67 for blast and from 4.00 to 7.03 for brown spot disease while incidence rates were 88.33% and 81.67% for blast and brown spot disease respectively. Genotype IR93654-10-3-2-1-ARS-SALS was resistant to both blast and brown spot disease. Person's correlation matrix showed both positive and negative correlations between the various agro-morphological parameters and pathological traits. Hierarchical ascending classification showed that the SV1CP and IR93654-10-3-2-1-ARS-SALS genotypes performed better agronomically. with yields of over 7.000 kg/ha and showed good tolerance to iron toxicity, blast and brown spot disease.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"64 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139130993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induction of PR-Proteins and Oxidative Isozymes in Tomato Genotypes Resistant and Susceptible to Tomato Mosaic Virus and Tomato Spotted wilt Virus","authors":"H. Mahfouze, S. Mahfouze, M. E. Ottai, F. B. Fatallah, M. A. M. El-Enany, R. Esmail, M. A. Gomaa","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4389","url":null,"abstract":"Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) are two of the most common viruses that threaten tomato crops in Egypt and worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PRs, and oxidative isozymes in the protection of tomato plants from oxidative damage induced by viral infection in 16 tomato genotypes. A total of 16 tomato genotypes were evaluated against TSWV and ToMV separately. Changes in the content of protein and defense enzymes were studied in tomato genotypes resistant and susceptible to TSWV or ToMV. The results of the investigation showed that 16 tomato lines gave different responses to infection with TSWV or ToMV [highly resistant (HR), resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), and susceptible (S)]. In this study, the total soluble protein profiles, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POX) isozymes of the healthy tomato plants and the TSWV or ToMV infected ones were estimated by electrophoresis in Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The results showed quantitative and qualitative differences in the number of bands among the 16 tomato genotypes. Thus, the protein content and isozyme activities were increased or decreased or not changed in inoculated tomato plants with TSWV or ToMV, compared with the un-inoculated plants, depending on the genotype, virus, and degree of resistance. On the other hand, it was found a negative or low-positive correlation between disease incidence and (protein content and isozyme activities). Therefore, it is important that to understand the defense strategy of plants against viruses and how tomato plants defend themselves from virus invasion. Therefore, tomato genotypes resistant to TSWV or ToMV could be used in the tomato breeding programs to prevent viral infection","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"108 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139134542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disease Mapping of Citrus Greening Disease in District Layyah, Pakistan","authors":"Sonum Bashir, Yasir Iftikhar, M. Zeshan, M. U. Ghazanfar, M. Mubeen","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4756","url":null,"abstract":"Citrus greening disease is one of the established causes of citrus decline in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, including Pakistan. Citrus greening disease is being recognized based on its characteristic symptoms in the field. Symptomatology and Iodo-starch test are the parameters for rapid disease indexing in the field and laboratory and are also helpful for disease mapping. A study was carried out to record the incidence and severity of citrus greening disease within the area of new citrus plantations of Layyah district, including the tehsils viz., Layyah and Karror. The Layyah tehsil showed an incidence of 18%, while Karror showed an incidence of 5.5%. Among the cultivars, the highest disease incidence was attributed to Kinnow (Citrus nobilis x C. deliciosa) at 33% followed by Mosambi (C. sinensis) at 16% and Feutrall’s early at 5%. The highest disease severity was recorded at Layyah with 22.2%. The lowest was observed at Karror with 13.3%. Among the cultivars, Kinnow showed the highest severity, ranging from 27.22% to 36.6% and the least disease severity was recorded in Feutrall’s early of 8.3% at ± 0.05 level of significance. The present study not only helped establish the relationship between the symptomology and quick indexing of disease through iodo-starch test but also provided information through disease mapping in the new citrus plantation of Layyah district for the first time","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"29 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139131300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation of Fusarium Species causing Head Blight to Quantitative Resistance in Wheat: Field Evidence for Increased Aggressiveness in a New Pathogen Population","authors":"N. Sakr","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4105","url":null,"abstract":"The use of quantitatively resistant wheat cultivars is an essential component of a sustainable management strategy of Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by several Fusarium species. However, little information is available on the variation of aggressiveness of the newly emerging FHB collection compared to old one. It is therefore important to determine to what extent FHB populations can be selected for increased aggressiveness by wheat cultivars with several levels of quantitative resistance. To this end, FHB populations were sampled in 2005 (old population) and in 2015 (new population) from one of the major Syrian wheat production regions, chosen as a location where head blight occurs regularly. New and old FHB isolates were characterized for aggressiveness by single-floret inoculation under controlled conditions on eight durum and bread wheat cultivars of contrasting susceptibility to FHB, and molecularly distinguished using DNA markers. Results showed the new population caused a higher disease severity (ranging from 55% to 67%) than the old population. Thus, their aggressiveness increased between early and late samplings, suggesting that wheat plants cultivated over 10 years selected for increased aggressiveness during epidemics. Our comparative population genetic analyses with analyzed markers showed that the new population had more polymorphic loci compared with the old one. The information obtained in this study indicated that FHB populations adapt to prevailing wheat cultivars, irrespective of their resistance levels, and can therefore overcome polygenic, quantitative resistance. Adaptation to wheat resulting in increased pathogen aggressiveness that was not specific may render quantitative resistance nondurable if not properly managed","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":" 1030","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139136694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological Markers for Citrus Canker caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. citri","authors":"Akhtar Hameed, Nasir A. Rajput, Rana Binyamin, Faizan Ali, Muhammad W. Alam, H. M. U. Aslam, Hasan Riaz, Subhan Ali","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4489","url":null,"abstract":"Climatic factors have a significant impact on the growth and development of citrus canker disease, which is one of the biggest threats to the citrus industry caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc). The growth stage, host sensitivity, succulence, vigour, survival, rate of multiplication, pathogen dispersal direction, rate of spore penetration, and germination are all impacted by these factors. Climatic factors such as maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed were studied in the experiment in order to determine their effects on the development of disease. Significant positive association was observed on ten varieties/cultivars (Grapefruit, Rough lemon, Kinnow, Red blood, Shamber, Duncan, Foster, Malta, Citrus Sinensis and China lemon). To find the correlation between climatic factors and disease projection, a multiple regression model based on a two-year study was developed. Goodness of model was signified by coefficient determination value. There was a significant positive association among all ten varieties. It was concluded that all the climatic factors like max. T (37 0C), min. T (27 0C), RH 55%, RF (4.7-7.1 mm) and WS 8 Km/h were the conditions for the development of canker disease. This study would be beneficial for researchers to develop better disease management strategies for the future as a result of changing climatic conditions against disease","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"18 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139132922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Bacillus pseudomycoides strain for Biocontrol of Early Blight on tomato plants","authors":"Ahmed A. ElSharawy, Nerhan A. Eid, Azza M.Y. Ebrahiem","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4632","url":null,"abstract":"Alternaria early blight is an air-borne and soil-borne pathogen that cause losses and damages that can reach up to 80% in tomato production. In our work, the immediate antagonistic effect of Bacillus pseudomycoides was inspected against Alternaria early blight of tomato. Bacillus pseudomycoides (Bp1) (OQ629426) gave inhibition efficacy against A. solani growth, being, 74.22 %. Invitro, Bp1 had the capability to produce the endogenous plant auxin (IAA) it was 18.9 (µg/100 mL), the quantity of GA 9.4 (µg/100 mL), 95.8 μ Deferroxamine mesylate. Tomato plants treated with B. pseudomycoides registered the least disease severity, being 50 and 40 % in Mancozeb + ALS and Bp1+ ALS treatments with high efficiency to control the severity between 75 and 100 % respectively. Tomato plants treated with B. pseudomycoides showed improved growth characteristics as compared with the untreated control. Plants with bacterial treatment conferred 45.6 cm shoot length, 2.9 (g∕plant) fresh weight and 0.7 (g∕plant) Dry weight. The highest increase in the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) was observed in the infected leaves of tomato plants treated with B. pseudomycoides Bp1 (T4) (4.6, 6.9 m/g f. w.) respectively, followed by treatment of plants with Mancozeb (T3) (3.9, 5.4 m/g f. w.) respectively, compared to other treatments. This study suggested that B. pseudomycoides is a promising biocontrol agent against Alternaria early blight. This bacterium may represent an important source of potential antimicrobial bio-agent against Alternaria early blight disease, also it may play a role in the development of integrated control programs in future studies.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"36 20","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135818434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formulation of Nano-fertilizer and Phytochemical Screening of orange peel were utilized to enhance the growth of Vigna radiata","authors":"Saba Iqbal, Gulnaz Parveen, Ambreen Ayub, Salma Gul, Tahira Batool, Amtul Sami, Tahira Batool, Nain Tara, Amtul Sami, Atiya Hussain Khowaja","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4664","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology has developed into one of the most valued fields of sciences in the current century owing to the introduction of revolutionary changes in several disciplines of sciences. A key product of nanotechnology, i.e., nanoparticles (NPs) are abundantly used in modern research due to their novel applications. Orange peel contains vital nutrients that can be recycled into valuable material used for different purposes. In this study, we synthesized nano fertilizer from orange peel and tested its potential for promoting the growth of Vigna radiata and reducing the population of root rot pathogens. Nano-fertilizer extract was subjected to physical and chemical analyses for characterization. Transmission electron microscopy indicated spherical nanoparticles with sizes ranging between 18.22nm and 61.05nm. While the X-Ray diffraction analysis the peaks were observed at 2ɵ value of 19.830, 20.550, 21.240, 24.440, 27.330 and 29.770 which represented the similarity with urea slandered peak. The Synthesized nano-fertilizers contained phenols, steroids, triterpenes and xanthoproteins. In a screen house experiment, the nano fertilizer extract was administered to the seeds of Vigna radiata. The research demonstrated that increasing the dose of orange peel extract enhanced germination percentage by positively influencing plant growth characteristics. Meanwhile, a high concentration of orange peel amendment successfully reduced the colonization and infection percentage of root rotting pathogens when compared to the positive and negative controls.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135873893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Compost and Biochar to Improve Plant Growth under Greenhouse Trail","authors":"Iram Bilqees, Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar, Waqas Raza","doi":"10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.012.03.4494","url":null,"abstract":"Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), being the most cultivated tuberous crop worldwide is threatened by various biotic and abiotic factors. Among fungal pathogens, Rhizoctonia solani is the most virulent and widely distributed soil-borne fungi of phylum Basidiomycota which cause severe yield losses to 30-40% around the globe. Several management practices have been adopted to overcome the yield losses inflicted by this fungus. Use of chemicals and fumigants are not encouraged due to health and environmental concerns. Present study was undertaken to develop alternate eco-friendly methods to manage this disease. A greenhouse experiment through CRD was performed with treatments application of compost, biochar and NPK on potato variety Desiree. Treatments and pathogen inoculum were applied at the time of sowing. Plant germination was recorded after two weeks of sowing. Data of growth parameters (Plant height, no. of leaves, shoot weight, root weight, root length, no. of tubers, tuber weight, tuber size) were taken at the end of experiments before harvesting the crop. Combined treatment application of biochar (5%) + compost (10%) + NPK was found to be the best to suppress R. solani and increased plant height, number of leaves, shoot weight, root weight, root length and various tuber parameters. On the basis of our results biochar and compost are suggested commercially to improve plant growth and suppress pathogens.","PeriodicalId":36106,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Phytopathology","volume":"38 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135818570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}