Clinical and Experimental Morphology最新文献

{"title":"Hepatocellular cancer. Current aspects of carcinogenesis","authors":"A. Shaposhnikov, O. Kit, E. Nepomnyaschaya, E. Yurieva","doi":"10.31088/cem2022.11.4.5-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/cem2022.11.4.5-15","url":null,"abstract":"The modern concept of general carcinogenesis is built on the basic knowledge of exogenous and endogenous factors. They change the body–organ–cell homeostatic and tissue basis and lead to genetic and molecular alterations followed by uncontrolled abnormal cell growth. We studied hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as an example of malignant neoplasm carcinogenesis. The article presents some major molecular and genetic alterations resulting in HCC as well as their association with immune microenvironment that mostly determines the onset and further tumor development. These are morphological, molecular, and genetic factors on which the HCC classification we propose is based. It involves 2 tumor classes (proliferating and nonproliferating) and will enable for determining the upcoming prospects for diagnosis of and treatment for this condition. Keywords: exogenous and endogenous risk factors, molecular and genetic and structural liver alterations, classification of hepatocellular carcinoma","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69280705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohistochemical markers to study the digestive organs","authors":"E. Chumasov, E. Petrova, V. Samedov, E. Kolos, D. E. Korzhevskii","doi":"10.31088/cem2022.11.4.70-84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/cem2022.11.4.70-84","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. To select an appropriate and informative histological method is a very important step in morphological analysis of the digestive organs, one of them being immunohistochemistry. The aim of this paper was to highlight the most effective immunohistochemical markers in addition to the well-known markers used in pathological diagnosis. Materials and methods. We studied sections of the intestine and pancreas of Wistar rats (n=20) and fragments of the human colon obtained during resection surgeries (n=4). We described and analyzed the results of immunohistochemical studies with neuronal and glial marker antibodies and inflammatory cells antibodies. Results. Neural (PGP 9.5 protein, tyrosine hydroxylase, synaptophysin, and serotonin) and glial markers (glial fibrillar acidic protein and S100 protein) enable for identifying all of the nervous structures in the murine digestive system such as neurons, nerve trunks and bundles, nerve plexuses, and terminals. Macrophage markers (CD68, Iba1) and mast cell marker (mast cell tryptase) can be applied to study the inflammatory process in the intestinal tissue. We described the key features of primary antibodies and fixative agents used in histopathology. Conclusion. We have shown that the described method is a promising assessment technique for histological studies of the intestine and pancreas pathologies. It can be used in diagnosing conditions associated with inflammation and neurodegeneration. Keywords: duodenum, colon, pancreas, rat, human, innervation, inflammation, immunohistochemistry","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69280779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PD-L1 and PU.1 expression in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors","authors":"A. T. Abdulzhaliev, I. Boulytcheva, O. Kovaleva, E. Sushentsov, A. Senderovich, А. Valiev, N. Kushlinskii","doi":"10.31088/cem2023.12.2.44-53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/cem2023.12.2.44-53","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) belong to a rare heterogeneous group of aggressive neoplasms of mesenchymal origin. The relationship between the PD-L1 expression and development and prognosis of MPNSTs has not yet been determined. In addition, it is yet to explore the role of tumor microenvironment, in particular tumor-associated macrophages, in solid tumors. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between (1) PD-L1 expression and the nuclear marker of PU.1 expression in stromal cells and (2) overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients with MPNSTs. Materials and methods. The retrospective study included 46 adult patients with MPNSTs who underwent surgical or combined treatment from 1998 to 2021 at the N.N. Blokhin Oncology Research Center. We analyzed clinical and morphological parameters as well as the outcomes of surgical treatment. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of PD-L1, PU.1, and Ki-67. Results. We found positive PD-L1 staining in 28% of cases. PU.1 expression was observed in all samples. We showed a statistically significant correlation between PU.1 and PD-L1 expression levels. At a median follow-up of 37 months, PD-L1 positive status was associated with a lower median OS and RFS in the group of patients with grade III tumors (p=0.0003 and p=0.004, respectively). The median OS for tumors with high and low number of PU.1+ cells was 21 and 78 months, respectively (p<0.0001). Conclusion. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the prognostic value of the macrophage marker PU.1 in patients with MPNST. High levels of PU.1+ cells, regardless of the tumor grade, and PD-L1 expression >1% of tumor cells in the patients with poorly-differentiated MPNSTs, produced a negative effect on OS and RFS. The analyzed expression of these markers can be used in prognostic tests and developing novel therapeutic treatment options. Keywords: malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, PD-L1 immunohistochemistry, PU.1, surgical treatment","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69281322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphological characteristics of background pathological processes in the mucous membrane adjacent to the tumor in gastric cancer of the intestinal type","authors":"L. V. Volkova, M. Shushval","doi":"10.31088/cem2022.11.1.5-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/cem2022.11.1.5-15","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Many fundamental and practical problems associated with pre-tumor changes in the stomach have not been sufficiently studied, which indicates the relevance of their study both at the stages of carcinoma development and in the mucous membrane adjacent to the tumor. The study aimed to detect the incidence, severity, and interconnections of background pathological processes in the gastric mucosa at different distances from the tumor node in gastric carcinomas of the intestinal type. Materials and methods. The surgical material of 43 patients with gastric carcinomas of the intestinal type after gastrectomy and resection of the stomach (626 tissue samples) from the tumor node and adjacent gastric mucosa at a distance from 1 cm to the resection lines was investigated. We assessed the frequency of occurrence, severity, and correlation relationships of the background pathological processes, i.e.,epithelial hyperplasia, intestinal metaplasia, and inflammatory and atrophic changes. Results. In the mucous membrane adjacent to the tumor, we revealed epithelial hyperplasia, intestinal metaplasia, and inflammatory and atrophic changes. There was a significant decrease in the number of cases of hyperplasia and intestinal metaplasia of the epithelium at the distance from the tumor. Moreover, we detected a decrease in the severity of all studied pathological processes. Positive moderate correlations were revealed between the parameters characterizing pathological processes at different distances from the tumor. Conclusion. The incidence and severity of background pathological processes, i.e., epithelial hyperplasia, intestinal metaplasia, and inflammatory and atrophic changes, detected in the mucous membrane in intestine type of gastric carcinoma decrease with distance from the tumor node. The results of the correlation analysis indicate the possibility of a functional relationship of such processes as epithelial hyperplasia, intestinal metaplasia and atrophy, as well as their important role in gastric carcinogenesis. The detection of these changes in the material obtained from the areas of the resection lines indicates the need for further study of their clinical significance. Keywords: gastric cancer, epithelial hyperplasia, intestinal metaplasia, inflammatory infiltration, atrophy","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69279804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myocardial lesions in patients with COVID-19. Autopsy case series","authors":"Yu. A. Yermola, A. A. Galyshevskaya, A. Davydova, A. Beketov, T. Makalish, M. Kriventsov","doi":"10.31088/cem2022.11.4.59-69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/cem2022.11.4.59-69","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Morphological data on SARS-CoV-2-associated heart damage and its mechanisms are rather limited. However, clinical and morphological features of myocardial lesions in COVID-19 patients have been described and include myocardial ischemia, acute coronary syndrome, and acute myocarditis. The prevailing features of myocardial lesions and their consequences are still controversial. The aim of our research was to evaluate the morphological features of myocardial lesions in patients with severe COVID-19, using routine histological examination and immunohistochemistry (CD45) to confirm myocardial inflam-matory infiltration. Materials and methods. We analyzed samples of the left ventricular myocardium obtained during autopsy examination of 48 patients with severe COVID-19 who died from SARS-CoV-2-associated pneumonia. We used histological description and immunohistochemical methods. Results. The results revealed several histopathological features of COVID-19-associated myocardial lesions, including acute ischemia (25% of cases) and mild inflammatory changes termed borderline myocarditis (18.75% of cases). Other significant findings in the myocardium included microcirculatory vessel thrombosis. Conclusion. The study confirms the existing data on damage to myocardium in severe COVID-19. However, further studies are warranted. It may contribute to the development of new management strategies for severe COVID-19 patients. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, heart, ischemia, myocarditis","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69280731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lung changes in a patient with combination of HIv infection and COvID-19","authors":"Y. Parkhomenko, A. Chernyaev, P. Vedyapin, N. Mozgaleva, Zh.R. Omarova, O. A. Tishkevich, E. A. Gomzikova, M. Samsonova, A. Zhilenkova, Y. Lebedin","doi":"10.31088/CEM2022.11.2.71-77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/CEM2022.11.2.71-77","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic is now a global medical and social problem. Little is known about COVID-19 impact on some vulnerable subgroups, such as immunocompromised patients. Therefore, scientists worldwide show interest in studying the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HIV-positive individuals. We report an autopsy clinical case of a deceased 60-year-old HIV-infected patient with lung damage caused by a combination of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, human herpesvirus 6, cytomegalovirus, and pneumocystis with severe fatal respiratory failure. Keywords: COVID-19, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, pneumocystis, pathological anatomy","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69280789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The incidence of glomerulopathies in kidney neoplasms in Krasnoyarsk","authors":"T. Garkusha, E.A. Bykhanova, V. Khorzhevskii, S. V. Gappoev, M. A. Firsov, S. V. Ivliev","doi":"10.31088/cem2022.11.3.15-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/cem2022.11.3.15-21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Renal malignancies accounted for 3.9% of all malignant neoplasms in Russia in 2019 and were among the top ten most common. Paraneoplastic syndrome can occur in malignant neoplasms and manifest as paraneoplastic nephropathies and glomerulopathies. The aim of the study was to analyze archival renal specimens to assess the incidence of glomerulopathies in renal neoplasms. Materials and methods. We analyzed 122 kidney samples with a tumor after nephrectomy in Krasnoyarsk regional clinical oncologic hospital named after A.I. Kryzhanovsky. To assess the cellular composition of the glomeruli and basement membrane structure, the following histochemical stains were used: PAS reaction, Masson’s trichrome stain, methenamine silver, and congo red stain. Results. The age of the patients ranged from 28 to 84 years. Malignant neoplasms were diagnosed in 114 cases (93.4%), whereas benign neoplasms were detected in 8 patients (6.6%). Fifty-six cases (45.9%) showed glomerulopathies. In 55 cases, glomerulopathies were found in malignant neoplasms (98.2%) and one case was found in a patient with a benign neoplasm (1.8%). Diabetic nephropathy was detected in 43 cases, ac-counting for 76.8%. Glomerulonephritis was diagnosed in 7 patients (12.5%) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was revealed in 6 cases (10.7%). Conclusion. Glomerulopathies in renal tumors are rather common and therefore their diagnosis is important in the study of the operative material. Keywords: kidney, tumour, glomerulopathies, paraneoplastic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69280824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration approach to study placental vessels in preeclampsia","authors":"O. Voronova, A. Milovanov, L. Mikhaleva","doi":"10.31088/cem2022.11.3.30-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/cem2022.11.3.30-44","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Preeclampsia is key in obstetric pathology, which is one of the causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. It is due to the difficulties of diagnosis, variable clinical picture, severity, and high risk of an unfavorable outcome. This problem requires special attention not only from obstetricians and gynecologists, but also from pathologists who make intravital morphological diagnosis ofplacenta in women with preeclampsia. The purpose of the study was to perform amorphological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical analysis of obliterative angiopathy in the vessels of placental stem villi with preeclampsia of varying severity. Materials and methods.We studied 60 placentas, 40 of which were from women having preeclampsia of varying severity, as well as 20 healthy placentas (the comparison group). For morphometric studies, an automated histological analysis system Leica Application Suite hardware and software module based on a Leica DM4000B microscope was used. The immunohistochemical study was carried out with markers CD34, VEGF-A, and endothelial NOS. Results. We established a directly proportional relationship between the degree of preeclampsia and the severity of arteriole lumen obliteration of the stem villi, and accordingly the degree of placental insufficiency. The most pronounced disorders of fetoplacental circulation were observed in combined severe preeclampsia and extragenital pathology. Conclusion. The data obtained allow us to confirm the significance of obliterative angiopathy in preeclamptic placentas as an integral component. Prevention of ischemic changes in the placenta, where obliterative angiopathy of the villus vessels plays a leading role, is an urgent medical problem that requires an objective approach to predict the condition of the newborn. Keywords: preeclampsia, placenta, obliterative angiopathy, morphometric, immunohistochemical study","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69280881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osseointegration properties of titanium implants with different pore diameters: experimental study","authors":"N. Orlinskaya, S. A. Gerasimov, D. Aleynik, D. Zakharova, K. Kulakova, I. Charykova, E. Morozova","doi":"10.31088/cem2023.12.2.69-76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/cem2023.12.2.69-76","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Additive technologies make it possible to create implants to replace bone defects. Determining the optimal parameters of a porous structure remains an urgent issue. The experimental research aimed to study the biocompatibility of implants made of titanium alloy with different pore diameters. Materials and methods. The study was carried out in two stages. The first stage included an in vitro study carried out on test cultures of diploid human fibroblasts to assess the cytotoxicity of the titanium alloy, from which samples were made for the second stage in vivo. The in vivo study was performed on three groups of rabbits (n=18), which received samples of the developed implants. The average age of subjects was 7±1 months, the weight being 4.675±258 g. All samples were 4 mm in diameter and 6 mm high. In group 1, the pore size was 100 μm; in group 2 – 200 μm; and in group 3 – 400 μm; the porosity was 55%, 62%, and 70%, respectively. The animals were sacrificed on day 90 after placement of the samples. Histological, morphological, and electron microscopic studies were performed to assess the osseointegrative properties of the implants. Results. In the in vitro study, we detected no toxic effects of the material on the test culture. In the in vivo study, the histological analysis did not reveal inflammation in peri-implant tissues in any of the groups. The morphological study showed a newly formed tissue in the area of the formed defect which consisted of young bone trabeculae with osteoblasts located on their surface. In group 3, we found the greatest prevalence of mature bone trabeculae. The samples with a 400-μm pore diameter revealed the largest area of filling the implant with newly formed bone tissue. Conclusion. Samples with a pore diameter of 400 μm have the highest osteointegrative properties. Keywords: osteointegration, biocompatibility, titanium implants, additive technologies, 3D-printing","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69281400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative study of morphological changes in the kidney and ureter of a rabbit with various methods of infection","authors":"M. Tusupbekova, Y. Sharapatov, E. Pronkin, A. Lavrinenko, Y. Turgunov","doi":"10.31088/cem2022.11.1.62-72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31088/cem2022.11.1.62-72","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. There are two main routes of urinary tract infection: ascending and hematogenous. In the ascending route, the infectious agent penetrates from the external environment through the external openings of the urinary organs. The role of bacterial translocation in the development of the inflammatory process in the urinary organs is still poorly understood. Materials and methods. We conducted an experiment on rabbits (n=45) and studied the structural changes in the kidneys and ureter depending on the pathogenesis of acute pyelonephritis. The animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: 2 experimental and 3 control. In experimental groups I and II , we modeled obstructive pyelonephritis by ligation of the ureter. In control groups III and IV, an infectious agent was administered similarly to that in the experimental groups, but without creating a model of obstructive pyelonephritis. In control group V, a laparotomy was performed without ligation of the ureter and without injection of bacteria. The morphological study was carried out with optical microscopy. Results. In group I, on day 3, the inflammatory infiltration was detected in 80% of cases and on day 5, in 100%. In group II , on days 3 and 5, the inflammatory process in the ureteral tissue developed in all cases. There were no morphological changes in the kidneys and ureter in groups III and V. In group IV, on days 3 and 5, the frequency of inflammatory infiltration was 80%. Conclusion. The nature of morphological changes in the kidneys and ureter in acute pyelonephritis depends on both the ways of infection and the timing of ureteral obstruction. In enterorenal translocation, the severity of morphological changes occurs later. Keywords: urinary tract obstruction, acute pyelonephritis, intestinal translocation, ascending infection","PeriodicalId":36062,"journal":{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Morphology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69279866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}