Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Research of the Influence of Humanomics on the Economic Effect of Compensation Agreements","authors":"S. Kubiv, Balanyuk Yuriy","doi":"10.15587/2312-8372.2020.197023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2020.197023","url":null,"abstract":"The object of research is the humanitarian context of offset policy, which is studied using the collection of evidence in the field of study-in the defense industry of Europe. One of the most problematic places in the sphere of trade in military goods is the humanitarian factor of economic relations, namely the influence of non-economic factors on the economic effect. The humanitarian aspect of economic relations led to a study of the foundations of the so-called «humanitarian economy» or «humanomics» as a moral and ethical category of economic relations, and military-technical cooperation, as a purely rational category of relations between producers, suppliers and importers of military products. The concept of «humanomics» is formed not so long ago, therefore this topic is not sufficiently disclosed in the literature, making research promising. During the study, the key concepts of the traditional and humanitarian economics, their dialectic unity, interpenetration and interconnection were revealed. In addition to studying the impact of compensation transactions on business processes in small and medium-sized enterprises, a special business model, the so-called compensation transaction model, is developed in this research. The model is based on a three-stage systematic approach: at the first stage, problems associated with compensation agreements at small and medium enterprises are identified, and at the second stage, empirical data are analyzed. At the latter, a theoretical model is proposed that is specially developed for practicing specialists and is tested using practically two specific cases. Thanks to the use of the proposed model, it is possible to support the implementation of compensation agreements at all levels of management, including planning, implementation of tasks and control. For the military-trade cooperation of Ukraine with other weapons-importing countries, offset models will contribute to deepening economic cooperation in the competition on the global arms and military equipment markets. Therefore, it is extremely important, while strengthening the humanitarian aspects of offset policy, at the same time actively developing and implementing mechanisms of competitive counteraction.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124764115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher Education Expansion, the Hukou System, and Returns to Education in China","authors":"Bin Huang, Yu Zhu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3542623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3542623","url":null,"abstract":"China experienced a near 5-fold increase in annual Higher Education (HE) enrolment in the decade starting in 1999. Using the China Household Finance Survey, we show that the expansion has exacerbated the large pre-existing urban-rural gap in educational attainment underpinned by the hukou (household registration) system. We then instrument years of schooling using the interaction of childhood urban hukou status and the timing of the expansion, which is analogous to a Difference-in-Differences estimator which uses rural students to control for any common time trend. The 2SLS estimates of 17% and 12% for men and women respectively are substantially larger than their OLS counterparts of 5% and 6%, both allowing for county fixed-effects. Our 2SLS results can be interpreted as a Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE), i.e. the average treatment effect of HE attendance on earnings for urban students who enrolled in HE as a result of the higher education expansion.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126274184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eighteen Years After Doha: An Analysis of the Use of Public Health TRIPS Flexibilities in Africa","authors":"Y. Vawda, B. Shozi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3559478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3559478","url":null,"abstract":"As we observe the 18th anniversary of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) and Public Health, it is appropriate to take stock of intellectual property developments and endeavour to present a comprehensive account of the situation in the African continent in respect of the implementation of TRIPS flexibilities, specifically those regarding access to medicines. This research paper provides an overview of the extent to which selected African countries have adopted legal and policy frameworks with regard to TRIPS flexibilities, examines the actual use of these flexibilities in enabling access to medicines in those countries, and suggests some recommendations for optimising the use of the flexibilities in pursuing public health imperatives.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"92 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116917844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Paid Maternity Leave on the Gender Gap: Reconciling Short and Long Run Impacts","authors":"Cary Balser","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3536677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3536677","url":null,"abstract":"I assess the impact of fully paid maternity leave on leave taking, continued employment, and promotion by exploiting a sudden expansion of paid leave from 6 to 12 weeks in the United States Air Force and Army. I estimate impacts under regression discontinuity and difference in differences frameworks using administrative records covering mothers and fathers in the military for up to two years after birth. I find that the policy increases leave taking by 5 weeks, has minimal impacts on continued employment, and negative impacts on the likelihood of promotion. These results are absent return to work effects and provide a way to reconcile estimates of positive short run and negative long run impacts.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128141403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Insurance for the Elderly","authors":"Se Yung Bae, Junkee Jeon, H. Koo, Kyunghyun Park","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3535662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3535662","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We study the effects of retirement benefits provided by social insurance programs on consumption, portfolio choice, and retirement in a continuous-time theoretical model. We show that people tend to retire earlier with an increase in retirement social insurance benefits (SIBs), consistent with empirical evidence. We show also that people tend to increase savings before retirement in anticipation of increased retirement benefits, a counter-intuitive result. The response of risky investment with an increase in the SIBs is ambiguous, depending on parameter values. The overall social welfare will increase with an increase in SIBs if the balanced budget constraint is satisfied. We also investigate the effects of changes in the two streams of the SIBs (paid in perishable goods and cash) and the proportion of workers in entire population on social welfare.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134373965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Subsidy Level and Innovation Investment in the Presence of Innovation Spillover: A Perspective of Social Welfare","authors":"Pin Zhou, C. Li","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3535683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3535683","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the effect of subsidy level and innovation spillover on the production quantity and social welfare in a mixed duopoly market with one private enterprise (PE) and one state-own enterprise (SOE). The government may subsidize the SOE or PE. We derive the equilibrium production quantity, innovation investment level and sub- sidy level. Our results show that, given the exogenously subsidy level, social welfare is concave in subsidy level and whether the SOE’s utility is monotonic in subsidy level depends on the subsidy policy and the innovation investment. When the government endogenously determines the subsidy level, the subsidy policy is equivalent no matter which enterprise is subsidized if innovation investment is not implemented. When in- novation investment is implemented, government prefers to subsidize the SOE. Both government subsidy and innovation investment can improve social welfare and these two strategies are complementary.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131494649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advance Market Commitments: Insights from Theory and Experience","authors":"M. Kremer, Jonathan Levin, Christopher M. Snyder","doi":"10.3386/w26775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w26775","url":null,"abstract":"Ten years ago, donors committed $1.5 billion to a pilot Advance Market Commitment (AMC) to help purchase pneumococcal vaccine for low-income countries. The AMC aimed to encourage the development of such vaccines, ensure distribution to children in low-income countries, and pilot the AMC mechanism for possible future use. Three vaccines have been developed and more than 150 million children immunized, saving an estimated 700,000 lives. This paper reviews the economic logic behind AMCs, the experience with the pilot, and key issues for future AMCs.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"130 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113996893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heterogeneous Impacts on Layoffs of Changes in Brazilian Unemployment Insurance Eligibility Rules","authors":"T. Cravo, C. O’Leary, A. Sierra, L. Veloso","doi":"10.17848/wp20-318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17848/wp20-318","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is based on the first use of program administrative data from Brazil’s unemployment insurance (UI) program to assess the impact of changes in UI eligibility criteria on layoff probabilities. We exploit exogenous program changes introduced by executive and legislative changes in 2015 to estimate impacts while accounting for the number of prior UI benefit requests. We estimate that changes in UI eligibility criteria had heterogeneous impacts distinguished by the number of prior benefit requests. We show that the 2015 changes in UI eligibility rules reduced layoffs and find evidence that the changes reduced collusion between workers and employers for layoffs because it became harder to extract subsidies from the UI system. The layoff reductions were greatest before workers' second benefit request.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124277065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some Thoughts on Controlling Federal Spending","authors":"John Garen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3567398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3567398","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is an overview of thoughts about controlling federal spending. At the outset, I note my concern that federal spending is too high and comes at the detriment of good incentives, productivity, and growth. I review the market-oriented economist’s view of the proper role of government and note that many government activities go well beyond them. “Doing something” about it is problematic due to the difficult politics of special interests and of reliance on government programs. In this light, I discuss four specifics. Regarding Social Security, I suggest moving it further toward a program for low-income seniors and allowing younger people outside options. For Medicare, I suggest moving to premium support and capping the real dollar value of government-paid premiums. This should be combined with encouraging competitive pricing of insurance plans for seniors well as for care. This avoids the harsh effects of “cost controls” through price controls and government care restrictions. Mean-tested programs should diminish with strong economic growth, though better targeting and effectiveness can reduce their burden. Finally, I offer hope that fiscal rules (e.g., debt brakes, base closing commissions) may arise to help reduce spending.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126237106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adoption of Educational Technology: Study on Higher Education","authors":"Helisia Margahana Garaika","doi":"10.34218/ijm.11.1.2020.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34218/ijm.11.1.2020.007","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to examine the adoption of innovation technology (e-learning) in universities in Indonesia, by emphasizing individual internal factors that influence adoption. The internal factors analyzed in this study are user motivation, perceived ease of use, trust and personal innovativeness. This research is a type of survey research with the respondents being lecturers at the University. This study used a questionnaire to obtain data, and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of data analysis indicate that not all proposed hypotheses are accepted. There is one hypothesis that is not supported, namely the hypothesis of the influence of personal innovativeness on e-learning adoption. The influence of motivation on e-learning adoption, and trust in e-learning adoption is supported. Likewise, the effect of perceive ease of use on trust is also supported.","PeriodicalId":360236,"journal":{"name":"Political Economy: Government Expenditures & Related Policies eJournal","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131244937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}