{"title":"Bed-nets Hour Density after a Usage of Three Years of Long-lasting Insecticide-treated Nets in Malaria re-elimination Areas in Ngadirejo Village, Purworejo District, Indonesia","authors":"D. Sumanto","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202302","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Malaria, caused by the genus Plasmodium, is still a global health problem. Its transmission and spread are strongly influenced by the presence of the Anopheles vector. One of the efforts to reduce cases is the distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets to the residents of malaria-endemic areas. This study aims to measure the density of mosquitoes perched on insecticide-treated bed nets after three years of usage. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to observe mosquitoes perching on insecticide-treated bed nets at night and calculation of mosquito density data in units of mosquitoes/LLINs/hour. Results: The number of mosquito bites before bedtime in respondents reached 72.5%, while the number of bed nets infested with mosquitoes reached 74.4%. The density of mosquitoes perched varied between 1 and 10 mosquitoes/LLINs/hour with the highest density proportion of 3 mosquitoes/LLINs/hour. Conclusion: LLINs that have been used for three years were found to be less effective at killing and preventing mosquitoes. It is advisable to re-dip with the insecticide doses to match the local vector susceptibility level by officer assistance so that the mosquito nets still function properly","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42782458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Thrombocytopenia in Malaria in Children","authors":"Sachin Kumar","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202308","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:Malaria is a cause of high mortality and morbidity. In 2022 during August-September, there was a sudden increment in malaria cases among children in our hospital. We evaluated the role of platelet count to diagnose malarial infection in children. Methodology: This study included paediatric patients seen in August-September of 2022 in BCM Hospital, Khairabad, Sitapur for fever who had thrombocytopenia in their first complete blood count report. This research comprised 230 children with fever and thrombocytopenia. Results:It was found that a moderate to severe platelet count decline was 86.21 per cent sensitive and 56.14 per cent specific for malaria with high negative and positive predictive values. Conclusion: In conclusion, moderate to severe thrombocytopenia is a key indicator of malaria, hence all children with fever and thrombocytopenia should be tested for malaria. If moderate to severe thrombocytopenia is seen, further specialised tests such as repeated peripheral blood smears, ELISA for parasite-specific antigens, etc. should be done.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45132611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Rare Case of Gastrointestinal Canthariasis Caused by Alphitobius Diaperinus","authors":"R. Tilak","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202311","url":null,"abstract":"Canthariasis is a human/ animal infestation by larval stages of coleopteran insects - the beetles. This study reports a rare case of gastrointestinal canthariasis caused by Alphitobiusdiaperinus. A six-year-old boy presented with complaints of pain abdomen associated with non-bilious, non-blood-stained vomiting for 15 days and a history of passage of worm-like creatures via stools and occasionally in the vomitus. All investigations were normal barring the presence of small worm-like creatures (insect larvae) in stools on naked-eye examination. Treatment with anthelmintics did not provide any relief with continued infestation over the past 3 months. The worms in the stool were identified as larvae of lesser mealworm - Alphitobiusdiaperinus. Dietary history of consumption of dry fruits infested with Alphitobiusdiaperinus determined the source of the infestation and the diagnosis, and the appropriate management was thus initiated. This report implicates Alphitobiusdiaperinus as a cause of gastrointestinal canthariasis and highlights the importance of dietary history to effectively manage gastrointestinal canthariasis.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47110820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Diversity and Abundance of Mosquitoes in the Seaport Area of San Pedro (Côte d’Ivoire)","authors":"Ladji Koffi Yao","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202313","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: As part of the implementation of arbovirus vector surveillance at the Seaport of San Pedro by the International Health Regulations, entomological surveys were conducted from March to July 2018 to determine the diversity and abundance of putative arbovirus vectors. Method: Mosquitoes were collected as immatures and adult stages in the activity and residential areas of the San Pédro Seaport platform. Results:A total of 7 and 14 species of mosquitoes were collected in the activity and residential areas respectively, with a dominance of the genera Culex species (5 in the activity area and 10 in the residential area). Only Aedes aegypti had a high frequency of occurrence with 47.29% in the activity area and 61.97% in the residential area. This species was accessory in activity areas and regular in residential areas. The diversities indices were higher in the residential area with 1.27, 0.64, and 0.48 respectively for Shannon’s Index, Simpson’s Index, and Equitability Index. Aedes aegypti accounted for 78.42% of the mosquitos collected in activity area and 49.47% of those collected in the residential area with an exophilic respective of 88.32% and 75.21%. Conclusion: Aedes aegypti abundance at the Seaport of San Pedro constitutes a permanent health threat that requires appropriate control and surveillance actions.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47200538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhancement of Swarming and Inhibition of Prodigiosin in Serratia marcescens by Glyceryl Trinitrate","authors":"A. Turki","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202305","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction:Serratia marcescens is a gram-negative pathogen of many species. Its pathogenicity and survival are linked to its capacity to build biofilms as well as its strong inherent resistance to antimicrobials and cleaning agents. Objectives: To analyse the impact of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) on the gene expression of QS-related genes (rssB, rsmA,and pigP) of S. marcescens. Methodology: The broth microdilution technique estimated the bactericidal effectiveness of glyceryl trinitrate. The presence of rssB, rsmA,and pigP in S. marcescens isolates was detected using PCR. qRT-PCR was used to assess the effect of GTN on rssB, rsmA,and pigPgene expression. Results: The results demonstrated that GTN has no effect on S. marcescens growth. Furthermore, rssB, rsmA,and pigP were located in all S. marcescens isolates and their gene expression was downregulated due to GTN presence. Conclusion: GTN can act as a promising anti-quorum sensing agent in reference to S. marcescens.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41386985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Review on the Influence of Environmental Temperature in the Development, Survival, Population Dynamics and Spatial Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquito","authors":"H. Sebastian","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202309","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental temperature is an important abiotic element that plays a significant role in various aspects of the insect life cycle. Insects have evolved different mechanisms to adjust to temperature variations in order to avoid thermal stress over evolutionary time. They have been able to invade practically every type of habitat due to these adaptations. Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, is a Southeast Asian forest-dwelling mosquito species that has spread throughout the world in the last forty years. Since it can effectively transmit a variety of viruses, Aedes albopictus is a significant public health issue in all areas where it has already been entrenched. The current article shows the existing understanding of the impact of environmental temperature on the dispersion and ecology of Aedes albopictus.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41829809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical Outcome in Patients with COVID-19 and Comparison to Serum LDH and D-dimer Levels","authors":"A. Patil","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202303","url":null,"abstract":"Background:D-dimer and LDH are crucial biomarkers, particularly in view of the fact that they have been strongly linked to COVID-19 infection and have been linked to worse consequences in people who have severe viral infections. Objectives: To determine how D-dimer and LDH correlated with clinical effects in COVID-19 patients who were hospitalised and how they forecasted the severity of COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: This was cross-sectional research conducted relatively early in the second wave of the pandemic. A total of 110 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and admitted to the ICU from January 2021 to June 2021, were included in the study. The clinical outcome was evaluated in terms of discharge and death among patients requiring various forms of assisted ventilation. Results:The average age of patients was 53.16 years (± 18.47 years). 35.5% of the patients were with comorbidities of which diabetes, hypertension, and COPD were around 80%. D-dimer was deranged in 2.7% of the subjects and LDH was deranged in 60% of the study subjects at the time of admission. Coming on to the outcome, all patients were put on assisted ventilation with 71.8% on NIV, 20% on HFNO, 1% on CPAP, and 7.2% on MV. During their hospital stays, 6 (5.45%) patients died and the remaining patients were discharged. A higher D-dimer value (> 1.5 μg/ml) during the hospital stay was found to be statistically significant with assisted ventilation and deaths of the admitted study subjects. Conclusion: In our investigation, the biomarker D-dimer value was more associated than LDH with mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48096942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bacteria Causing UTI in Patients at Abu Ghraib, Iraq: Isolation and Identification","authors":"Mohammad J Al-Jassani","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202315","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to detect the most pathogenic bacteria causing UTI in the Abu Ghraib region in Iraq. A cross-sectional study was done in the clinic to investigate the most common bacterial cause of UTI in patients suffering from UTI symptoms. Patients who visited clinics and whose UTI signs and symptoms were verified by the attending clinician were included in the study. All patients had given their consent to participate in the trial and had no prior history of receiving antibiotics for UTIs in the previous two weeks. Patients who were currently menstruating, had a history of taking an antibiotic within the previous two weeks, or who did not give their consent were not included in the study. Two hundred thirteen midstream urine samples were included in this study obtained from 137 females and 76 males. The age of these patients ranged between 18 and 72 years. The collected urine was examined within 3 hours in the bacteriology laboratory. These samples were cultured on primary media, and then the identification of these unknown bacteria was done. The current study showed that the infections in males were significantly higher than in females. Infection was found to be significantly higher in the age group of 31-50 years than in the other age groups, followed by the age groups of 18-30 years. This study showed that E. coli is the most prevalent bacteria isolated from UTI patients, followed by K. pneumonia. In conclusion, UTIs are caused mainly by E. coli and K. pneumonia. They occur mainly in females as compared to males, especially in the age group between 31 and 50 years.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43238190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Viruses Jumping Hosts?","authors":"P. Rajagopalan","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202317","url":null,"abstract":"It is believed that the KFD virus got its recognition when it was first encountered by people in 1957. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 was recognised in 2020. However, unlike the KFD virus which needs a tick for transmission, SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted from one human to another without any vector as it can spread through aerosols and droplets. Hence its transmission was relatively very easy and faster, which gave rise to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conditions that increase the proximity between humans and animals, may favour the development of zoonoses. It has been observed that a remarkable similarity exists between the symptoms of zoonoses caused by the viruses found in Saudi Arabia and Russia and those of KFD in humans. Some viruses found in bats, pangolins, and other animal hosts have been found to be quite similar to SARSCoV-2. The origin of SARS-CoV-2 is still unknown to the world. However, the singular probable reason that might have aided the virus to have ‘jumped hosts’ seems to be the presence of humans and these animals near each other. The veracity of this hypothesis is strengthened by the fact that a market in China where wild animals (inclusive of pangolins and bats) were sold and where many humans could come in contact with them, is assumed to be the source of COVID-19. The cases of bird flu and swine flu also favour this hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41714134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phylogenetic Groups and Antibiotic Resistance Characteristics of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli","authors":"M. R. Ali","doi":"10.24321/0019.5138.202306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202306","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Different phylogenetic groups of uropathogenic Escherichia coli are associated with increased virulence and multidrug resistance, highlighting the importance of understanding the genetic characteristics of these isolates for effective treatment and prevention of UTIs. Genomic analysis was conducted on 100 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from multiple hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq, which showed extensive resistance to multiple drugs, including both multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) isolates. Methodology: Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated using the disc diffusion technique. PCR was used to test for the presence of phylogenetic groupings and to characterise antibiotic resistance genes. Results: Phylogroup F (36.66%) and Phylogroup C (23.33%) were the most common. Isolates of UPEC were found in every phylogroup, except for the six that were untypable. The study identified 54 out of 70 typed Escherichia coli isolates that belonged to phylogroups F (33/70) and C (21/70) as multidrug-resistant, with a high percentage (70.76%) of these isolates demonstrating extensive drug resistance (XDR). Based on the presence of particular genes or DNA, E. coli populations are classified into eight basic phylogenetic groups: A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F (belonging to E. coli sensu stricto), and clade I (belonging to Escherichia clade). Conclusion: Based on our findings, certain types of E. coli belonging to the phylogenetic group F are more common, more dangerous, and more resistant to antibiotics than others when it comes to UTIs.","PeriodicalId":35952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communicable Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44591787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}