Pakistan Development Review最新文献_第9页

Uneducated and unhealthy: the plight of women in Pakistan. 未受教育和不健康:巴基斯坦妇女的困境。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01 DOI: 10.30541/V32I4IIPP.905-915

T. S. Ibraz, A. Fatima

{"title":"Uneducated and unhealthy: the plight of women in Pakistan.","authors":"T. S. Ibraz, A. Fatima","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.905-915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.905-915","url":null,"abstract":"A general case can be made that Pakistani women, particularly in rural areas, have been culturally assigned with low priorities for female education and with social rewards in reproduction and domestic activities. Female mortality is high, and there is a lack of access to medical facilities. Female literacy was 21.30% in 1991-92, and male literacy was 45.50%. There are only 30,200 primary schools and 3300 middle schools for girls compared to 85,400 and 5200 for boys. Approximately 33% of mortality among women aged 15-49 years is related to maternal causes. In a sample village in Rawalpindi, 50 km from Islamabad, there are no medical facilities. The nearest health unit is 3 km away and lacks any trained birth attendants. Two local women without formal training handle childbirth. Cultural restrictions prevent better knowledge about proper hygiene and sanitation. The required female tasks of cleaning animal pens puts women at higher risk of health problems and tetanus. Mud stoves and use of fuel wood in unventilated spaces exposes women to respiratory diseases. Home remedies and local perceptions of illness can cause harm. Evil spirits are considered as precipitating causes of illness. Women are excluded from monetary transactions in markets for the goods they produce. Education for girls is thought to \"spoil\" and distract from attention to household tasks. There is no value placed on girls attaining more than a primary education. An example in one household was given to show the impact of lack of education and mistreatment of hearing loss for one girl. The mother fed her sons well, but gave her daughter and herself only \"roti\" with tea. The justification was that men work harder. The cycle of poor education and lack of knowledge continues to be perpetuated.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt 2 1","pages":"905-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Comments on "Complementarity and Conflict among Population and Other Policies: Specifying an Economic-Demographic Model for a Developing Country". 评论“人口与其他政策之间的互补性和冲突:为一个发展中国家指定一种经济-人口模式”。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01

A H Khan

引用次数: 0

An indirect view of the fertility changes in Pakistan. 对巴基斯坦生育率变化的间接看法。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01

M Afzal, M F Kayani, A Mohammad

引用次数: 0

Comments on "Urbanisation and Environmental Degradation in Pakistan". 评论“巴基斯坦的城市化与环境退化”。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01

S A Qutub

引用次数: 0

Demand side of Pakistan's population welfare programme. 巴基斯坦人口福利计划需求方。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01 DOI: 10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1125-1137

M. Farooqui, K. H. Sheikh

{"title":"Demand side of Pakistan's population welfare programme.","authors":"M. Farooqui, K. H. Sheikh","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1125-1137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1125-1137","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan's population welfare program was established with the assumption that many people in Pakistan did not use contraception because they had no access to an available supply of contraceptive methods. Were they provided contraceptives, widespread latent demand would translate into effective demand, and the contraceptive supplies would be used. The population welfare program since its inception has therefore been mainly supply oriented. Contraceptive supplies may be available in Pakistan, but demand for them has been extremely weak throughout the program's existence. The opposition of husbands and mothers to contraceptive use, high infant and child mortality inducing couples to desire large families and several sons, and religion are among factors which impede the uptake of contraception in Pakistan. Socioeconomic and demographic factors also indirectly affect demand. Information, education, and communication efforts have failed to generate demand for family planning among eligible couples. Moreover, motivators motivate neither within nor outside of family welfare centers. More concerted and intense efforts are called for to create demand for family planning services in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt. 2 1","pages":"1,125-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The demand for fertility control in Pakistan. 巴基斯坦对生育控制的需求。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01 DOI: 10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1097-1106

N. Mahmood, G. M. Zahid

{"title":"The demand for fertility control in Pakistan.","authors":"N. Mahmood, G. M. Zahid","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1097-1106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1097-1106","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of fertility and contraceptive use data for Pakistan is directed toward estimating the likelihood of contraceptive use. Data are drawn from the 1975 Fertility Survey, the 1979-80 Population, Labor Force, and Migration Survey, the 1984-85 Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, and the 1990-91 Demographic and Health Survey. Increased demand for family planning is construed to be reflected in the excess number of children over the desired number of children according to the Easterlin and Crimmons and the Bulatao and Lee frameworks. A higher probability of contraceptive use is expected to be related to having a large family. Findings indicate that there was a lack of correspondence between the desire for no more children and actual use of contraception. The proportion desiring no more children was 40-50%. In the logistic model, the findings show that the likelihood of contraceptive use in all surveys was significantly increased with women's education, urban residence, and family planning accessibility. The number of living and desired children were independent of each other, and neither factor influenced significantly the demand for contraception. The nature of and magnitude of the effect varied for each survey. The generalized conclusion was that contraceptive use is not being used by women who desire no more children. Although contraceptive use has increased over time, the number of desired children has remained stable. The suggestion is to target women aged 35-44 years who appear to have achieved their desired fertility and to expand levels of education and economic and social opportunities for women.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"49 1","pages":"1097-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Comments on "Uneducated and Unhealthy: The Plight of Women in Pakistan". 对"未受教育和不健康:巴基斯坦妇女的困境"的评论。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01

N Aziz

引用次数: 0

Estimates of birth intervals in Pakistan, with and without the WFS restrictions. 巴基斯坦的生育间隔估计，有和没有世界粮食计划署的限制。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01

Z Khan, G Y Soomro

引用次数: 0

Immunisation and infant mortality in Pakistan. 巴基斯坦的免疫接种和婴儿死亡率。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01 DOI: 10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1117-1123

Z. Khan

{"title":"Immunisation and infant mortality in Pakistan.","authors":"Z. Khan","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1117-1123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1117-1123","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan has been engaged with the Expanded Program on Immunization since 1982. In January 1991 an evaluation was conducted in order to ascertain coverage results for children aged 12-23 months of age, tetanus toxoid coverage for mothers of infants aged 0-11 months of age, and to review management of the program at all levels. The survey was based on information provided in the mother's history of children aged 12-23 months and by the immunization card in urban and rural clusters. Coverage included 8651 households in 240 clusters, 1968 children aged 12-23 months, and 1965 mothers of infants aged 0-11 months. The results showed high coverage in Punjab, Northwest Frontier Province, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Tetanus toxoid coverage of mothers could be improved. Provinces which had low coverage included Sindh and Balochistan. Between 1984-85 and 1990-91 infant mortality was reduced from 106.4 deaths/1000 live births to 100.9 deaths/1000 live births. In the Punjab immunization coverage among children aged 0-11 months was 56.3% in urban areas and 93.8% in rural areas with outreach and a mobile team. Hospital administration of vaccines was lower in rural areas (4.8%) compared to urban areas (22.1%) in the Punjab. Most children were immunized through outreach or a mobile team (56.3% in urban and 93.8% in rural areas of the Punjab). Outreach in Northwest Frontier Province was 30.6% in urban areas and 70.7% in rural areas. Hospital coverage was 36.5% in urban areas and 24.4% in rural areas. Coverage in Balochistan was 64.9% by outreach, 24.7% for health centers, and 9.1% for hospitals. Among partially immunized children, 10.3% indicated lack of awareness of need and 15.0% indicated lack of awareness of need for a subsequent visit. Fear of side effects affected 3.1% of those partially vaccinated. Lack of information affected 33.0%. Motivation was a reason for 4.1%. 62.9% indicated obstacles such as distance, time, health personnel absent, busy mother, family problems, and illness.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":"32 4 Pt 2 1","pages":"1117-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

An attempt to measure female status in Pakistan and its impact on reproductive behaviour. 试图衡量巴基斯坦的女性地位及其对生殖行为的影响。

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01

K Manzoor

引用次数: 0