Pakistan Development Review最新文献

{"title":"Urbanisation and environmental degradation in Pakistan.","authors":"S A Sahibzada","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22040055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of marital fertility in Pakistan: an application of the \"synthesis framework\".","authors":"M. S. Butt, H. Jamal","doi":"10.30541/V32I2PP.199-220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I2PP.199-220","url":null,"abstract":"\"The present study, in the context of Pakistan, is based on intensive National Population, Labour Force, and Migration Survey data covering 10,000 households [and focuses]...on the determinants of fertility in Pakistan, specifically the determinants of the adoption of deliberate fertility regulation. The role of socio-economic modernisation and cultural factors in the determination of the potential family size and the adoption of deliberate fertility control through a knowledge of fertility regulation have also been explored. The 'Synthesis Framework' of fertility determination, applied to Sri Lanka and Colombia by Easterlin and Crimmins (1982), and with its recent modifications by Ahmed (1987), is the main vehicle for the study.\"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An indirect view of the fertility changes in Pakistan.","authors":"M. Afzal, M. Kayani, A. Mohammad","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1081-1096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1081-1096","url":null,"abstract":"Data on children ever born from surveys conducted between 1984 and 1988 provide evidence for fertility decline in Pakistan and little evidence for a \"zig zag\" pattern of variations in the levels of the birth rate reported in surveys conducted between 1962 and 1988. This study is concerned with the indirect estimation of the crude birth rate (CBR). Input data is available on age specific mortality and the age distribution of the population. CBR was calculated on the basis of the life table method. The estimation of CBR from 1962-65 to 1979 revealed a declining trend, which also appeared in estimations based on survey data after 1979. Estimation of CBR based on infant and child mortality risks showed declining trends through 1979, a slight elevation in infant mortality in 1984, and then decline followed by a higher increase in 1988. The increased risk of infant mortality was interpreted as an artifact of the data. Further analysis of the correlation between infant and child mortality risks in the ordinary least squares equations indicated that 50% of the variation in infant mortality risk was explained by child mortality risk variation between 1962 and 1979. The adjusted values were then used to estimate mortality between 1984 and 1988, which indicated similar values (91/1000 births) as the 1990-91 survey data. In the ordinary least squares examination of the association between child mortality risks and the estimates of crude birth rates between 1962 and 1979, the finding was that 70% of the variation in the values of CBR were explained by variations in child mortality risks. The indirect estimation for 1984 to 1988 however showed elevated CBR, which was construed to be due to increased infant mortality risks, which may be in error. When CBR was estimated using the proportions in the population aged 0-4 years and mortality risk, the life table estimates showed a reduced rate by 3.3 for 1984 and by 1.1 for 1988, and with other substitutions, lower CBR. The conclusion from the exploration of different methods of calculating was that CBR may be even lower that 37/1000, and the rate of natural increase may be lower than 2.7%.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complementarity and conflict among population and other policies: specifying an economic-demographic model for a developing country.","authors":"R S Mariano","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22017296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Informalisation of women's work: consequence for fertility and child schooling in urban Pakistan.","authors":"S. Kazi, Z. Sathar","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.887-893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.887-893","url":null,"abstract":"The preliminary analysis of data from the 1990-91 Pakistan Household Survey (PIHS) for urban areas yields a profile of working urban women by educational level, sector of the economy, and child's educational activities. Between 1971 and 1988 labor force participation rates (LFPR) for women ranged between 3% and 5%. The hiring of women in temporary positions allows for lower costs, less benefits, and freedom from restrictive legislation. The PIHS data on 4711 households and 2513 urban, ever married women aged 15-49 years indicates a LFPR for women of 17%. Under 20% work in the formal sector. Most work in their homes as unpaid family workers or home-based income earning producers. Many official statistics exclude these women. Informal sector workers in the PIHS data, such as low status domestic workers, receive average wages of 609 rupees monthly compared to home-based workers wages of 240 rupees. Formal sector female workers have completed an average of 11.4 years of schooling, while informal workers have received only 6.5 years. 77% of informal workers have had no formal education compared to 62% of at home mothers and 28% of formal sector workers. Many employed women are single household heads or with an unemployed spouse. Formal sector working women marry 3.4 years later than informal sector women and 2.6 years later than nonworking women. Nonworking women have the lowest contraceptive use followed by informal sector women. Most women regardless of work status desire four children, but achieved fertility was lower among professional and white collar workers. Informal sector women had higher fertility than nonworking women. Preliminary multivariate analyses supported this pattern of work status related fertility. The chances of children attending school was higher among formal sector workers. Girls with nonworking mothers had better chances of gaining an education.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69251998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An attempt to measure female status in Pakistan and its impact on reproductive behaviour.","authors":"K. Manzoor","doi":"10.30541/V32I4IIPP.917-930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V32I4IIPP.917-930","url":null,"abstract":"Data from the 1991 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey is used to examine the bivariate relationship between female status and fertility, female status and sex preference for the next child, female status and current contraceptive use, and female status and discussion by couples of family planning and family size. Female status is measured by educational level of females, husband's educational level, current work status, each occupation level of spouses, exposure to media, and mobility. High, medium, and low variants are the status groupings. There are 69% in low status, 29% in medium, and 2% in high status groups. 57% of urban and 80% of rural women were low status. 40% of urban and 20% of rural were medium status. 3% urban and 1% rural were high status. Fertility among low status women was 34% with under 4 children, 28% with 4-7 children, and 6% with 8 or more children. 16% of medium status women had under 4 children, 12% had 4-7 children, and 2% had 8 or more children. 1% of high status women had under 4 children, and 1% had 4-7 children. 51% of all women did not want more children. 65% of low status women did not currently use contraception. 5% of medium status women were nonusers; 1% of high status women, 4% of low status women, and 25% of medium status women were users. There was a negative relationship between female status and number of living children. Increased status also was related to declines in the sex preference. The sign was positive for low status women and negative for medium status women. In general, it was suggested that increased female status was related to increased contraceptive use at earlier parity and decreased fertility. There was a negative relationship between female status and frequency of couple discussion about family planning for low and medium status women and a positive one for high status women. The relationship with family size showed the reverse pattern whereby increased status led to discussion of family size among low and medium status couples and not high status couples. The implication was that fertility cannot be explained solely by female status.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69252313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comments on \"The Demand for Fertility Control in Pakistan\".","authors":"J Naeem","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22039416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-economic determinants of labour mobility in Pakistan.","authors":"A M Ahmed,&nbsp;I Sirageldin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>\"With the availability of Population, Labour Force, and Migration (PLM) Survey data, this paper attempts to develop a model of internal [labor] migration in Pakistan.... Keeping in line with the literature, three types of variables have been identified as the possible determinants of migration. These variables relate to the possession of human capital, commitment to job and place of residence, and cost-related factors. After controlling for other variables, it was observed that, in general, migrants were selective especially in terms of age, education, and choice of occupation. These findings are consistent with the evidence from other developing countries.\"</p>","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22015072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comments on \"Human Capital Accumulation in Post Green Revolution Rural Pakistan: a Progress Report\".","authors":"W Von Urff","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22028609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female participation in housing activities: some assessment of the socio-economic and cultural impact.","authors":"E. Mujahid-mukhtar, Noor-ul-hassan","doi":"10.30541/V31I4IIPP.637-652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30541/V31I4IIPP.637-652","url":null,"abstract":"Ordinary least squares techniques (logit and probit models yielded similar results) were used to assess the impact of sociocultural and economic conditions on women's physical or financial involvement in housing activities: construction, repairs, improvements, and additions in Pakistan. Explanatory variables were the number of men and women, family income, employment, literacy, extended family on the same or different budget, decision making by women, joint decision making, urbanization, and ethnic origin. Data were obtained from a survey undertaken by the AERC/World Bank in 1989 of 829 households (370 urban and 454 rural). A description is provided of women's role in housing, the nature of activities in which women participate, and the factors that influence their participation. Women's participation could involve decision making, contributions of assets or savings, and/or physical labor or supervision of physical construction of housing. The results indicated a uniform pattern in the performance of explanatory variables. Financially, urban women tended to participate more in financial dealings than rural women. Significant explanatory factors impacting on the proportion of women contributing financially toward housing were women's own income, their employment, their involvement in decision making for that activity, their nuclear household, and an urban location. A significant negative factor was family size. Literacy had no effect. Rural women tended to participate more in the physical construction of housing than urban women. Positive impacts on physical participation were a nuclear household, women's involvement in decision making, her employment, and a rural location. Literacy had a significant negative influence on physical participation. Unexpectedly, the number of adult females had a significant negative effect on physical or supervisory participation; the number of adult males was positive and insignificant. Factors influencing women's supervisory participation were women's employment and their involvement in decision making.","PeriodicalId":35921,"journal":{"name":"Pakistan Development Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69250730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}