Immunisation and infant mortality in Pakistan.

Q4 Social Sciences

Pakistan Development Review Pub Date : 1993-01-01 DOI:10.30541/V32I4IIPP.1117-1123

Z. Khan

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引用次数: 5

Abstract

Pakistan has been engaged with the Expanded Program on Immunization since 1982. In January 1991 an evaluation was conducted in order to ascertain coverage results for children aged 12-23 months of age, tetanus toxoid coverage for mothers of infants aged 0-11 months of age, and to review management of the program at all levels. The survey was based on information provided in the mother's history of children aged 12-23 months and by the immunization card in urban and rural clusters. Coverage included 8651 households in 240 clusters, 1968 children aged 12-23 months, and 1965 mothers of infants aged 0-11 months. The results showed high coverage in Punjab, Northwest Frontier Province, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Tetanus toxoid coverage of mothers could be improved. Provinces which had low coverage included Sindh and Balochistan. Between 1984-85 and 1990-91 infant mortality was reduced from 106.4 deaths/1000 live births to 100.9 deaths/1000 live births. In the Punjab immunization coverage among children aged 0-11 months was 56.3% in urban areas and 93.8% in rural areas with outreach and a mobile team. Hospital administration of vaccines was lower in rural areas (4.8%) compared to urban areas (22.1%) in the Punjab. Most children were immunized through outreach or a mobile team (56.3% in urban and 93.8% in rural areas of the Punjab). Outreach in Northwest Frontier Province was 30.6% in urban areas and 70.7% in rural areas. Hospital coverage was 36.5% in urban areas and 24.4% in rural areas. Coverage in Balochistan was 64.9% by outreach, 24.7% for health centers, and 9.1% for hospitals. Among partially immunized children, 10.3% indicated lack of awareness of need and 15.0% indicated lack of awareness of need for a subsequent visit. Fear of side effects affected 3.1% of those partially vaccinated. Lack of information affected 33.0%. Motivation was a reason for 4.1%. 62.9% indicated obstacles such as distance, time, health personnel absent, busy mother, family problems, and illness.

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巴基斯坦的免疫接种和婴儿死亡率。

巴基斯坦自1982年以来一直参与扩大免疫规划。1991年1月进行了一次评价，以确定12-23个月儿童的接种覆盖率，0-11个月婴儿的母亲接种破伤风类毒素的覆盖率，并审查各级方案的管理情况。调查的依据是12-23个月儿童的母亲病史以及城市和农村群体的免疫接种卡提供的信息。覆盖范围包括240个组的8651户家庭、1968名12-23个月的儿童和1965名0-11个月婴儿的母亲。结果显示，旁遮普省、西北边境省和阿扎德查谟和克什米尔的覆盖率很高。可以提高母亲破伤风类毒素的覆盖率。覆盖率较低的省份包括信德省和俾路支省。1984-85年和1990-91年期间，婴儿死亡率从每千活产106.4例死亡降至每千活产100.9例死亡。在旁遮普邦，城市地区0-11个月儿童的免疫接种率为56.3%，农村地区为93.8%，设有外联和流动小组。在旁遮普邦，农村地区的医院疫苗管理率(4.8%)低于城市地区(22.1%)。大多数儿童通过外联或流动小组获得免疫接种(旁遮普邦城市地区为56.3%，农村地区为93.8%)。西北边疆省城市地区和农村地区的外展率分别为30.6%和70.7%。城市地区医院覆盖率为36.5%，农村地区为24.4%。在俾路支省，外展覆盖率为64.9%，卫生中心覆盖率为24.7%，医院覆盖率为9.1%。在部分接种疫苗的儿童中，10.3%表示缺乏对需求的认识，15.0%表示缺乏对后续访问需求的认识。对副作用的恐惧影响了3.1%的部分接种者。缺乏信息影响了33.0%。动机是4.1%的一个原因。62.9%的人指出了距离、时间、没有医护人员、母亲忙碌、家庭问题和疾病等障碍。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Pakistan Development Review Social Sciences-Geography, Planning and Development

CiteScore

0.50

自引率

0.00%

发文量

期刊介绍： The aim of the journal is to encourage original scholarly contributions that focus on a broad spectrum of development issues using empirical and theoretical approaches to scientific enquiry. With a view to generating scholarly debate on public policy issues, the journal particularly encourages scientific contributions that explore policy relevant issues pertaining to developing economies in general and Pakistan’s economy in particular.