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A neurocognitive model of ideological thinking. 意识形态思维的神经认知模型。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.10
Leor Zmigrod
{"title":"A neurocognitive model of ideological thinking.","authors":"Leor Zmigrod","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ideological behavior has traditionally been viewed as a product of social forces. Nonetheless, an emerging science suggests that ideological worldviews can also be understood in terms of neural and cognitive principles. The article proposes a neurocognitive model of ideological thinking, arguing that ideological worldviews may be manifestations of individuals' perceptual and cognitive systems. This model makes two claims. First, there are neurocognitive antecedents to ideological thinking: the brain's low-level neurocognitive dispositions influence its receptivity to ideological doctrines. Second, there are neurocognitive consequences to ideological engagement: strong exposure and adherence to ideological doctrines can shape perceptual and cognitive systems. This article details the neurocognitive model of ideological thinking and synthesizes the empirical evidence in support of its claims. The model postulates that there are bidirectional processes between the brain and the ideological environment, and so it can address the roles of situational and motivational factors in ideologically motivated action. This endeavor highlights that an interdisciplinary neurocognitive approach to ideologies can facilitate biologically informed accounts of the ideological brain and thus reveal who is most susceptible to extreme and authoritarian ideologies. By investigating the relationships between low-level perceptual processes and high-level ideological attitudes, we can develop a better grasp of our collective history as well as the mechanisms that may structure our political futures.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"224-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2021.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39913791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Does music affect citizens' evaluations of candidates? 音乐会影响公民对候选人的评价吗?
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.22
Emmanuel Heisbourg, Fernando Feitosa
{"title":"Does music affect citizens' evaluations of candidates?","authors":"Emmanuel Heisbourg,&nbsp;Fernando Feitosa","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While some candidates use music in some of their campaign ads to shape individuals' perceptions of their competence or compassion, for example, it is unclear whether the relationship between music and trait perceptions is empirically valid. Considering the importance of knowing where trait perceptions-which represent important determinants of the vote-come from and the extent to which it is possible to manipulate trait perceptions by means of music, this study investigates the effect of music on trait perceptions using data from an online survey experiment conducted between October 30 and November 12, 2020. In this experiment, 362 individuals were exposed to a random sequence of five campaign ads, either with their original music or with no music. Following each campaign ad, individuals were asked to evaluate the candidate's competency, honesty, leadership, and compassion. The analyses reveal that music marginally affects perceptions of competency, honesty, and leadership. Moreover, music exerts no significant effect on perceptions of compassion.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"172-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39661466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The psychophysiological correlates of cognitive dissonance. 认知失调的心理生理关联。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.15
Gavin W Ploger, Johnanna Dunaway, Patrick Fournier, Stuart Soroka
{"title":"The psychophysiological correlates of cognitive dissonance.","authors":"Gavin W Ploger,&nbsp;Johnanna Dunaway,&nbsp;Patrick Fournier,&nbsp;Stuart Soroka","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This preregistered study uses a combination of physiological measures to explore both the activation and reduction components of cognitive dissonance theory. More precisely, we use skin conductance to identify dissonance arousal, a short-term affective response to counter-attitudinal stimuli, and then use heart rate variability to measure dissonance reduction, which reflects longer-term patterns of emotional regulation and information processing. Our preliminary tests find weak evidence of dissonance arousal and no evidence of dissonance reduction using this physiological approach. We consequently reconsider (albeit optimistically) the use of physiology in future work on cognitive dissonance. We also discuss the implications of our findings for selective exposure and motivated reasoning.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"202-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39661469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Dominic D. P. Johnson, Strategic Instincts: The Adaptive Advantages of Cognitive Biases in International Politics (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2020). 395 pages. ISBN: 9780691137452. Hardcover $27.95. 多米尼克·D·P·约翰逊，《战略本能：国际政治中认知偏见的适应性优势》（新泽西州普林斯顿，普林斯顿大学出版社，2020）。395页。ISBN:9780691137452。精装本27.95美元。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.14
Joel Ng
{"title":"Dominic D. P. Johnson, Strategic Instincts: The Adaptive Advantages of Cognitive Biases in International Politics (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2020). 395 pages. ISBN: 9780691137452. Hardcover $27.95.","authors":"Joel Ng","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"239 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2021.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41996898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How should we theorize about justice in the genomic era? 我们应该如何理论化基因组时代的正义?
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.3
Colin Farrelly
{"title":"How should we <i>theorize</i> about justice in the genomic era?","authors":"Colin Farrelly","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sequencing of the human genome and advances in gene therapy and genomic editing, coupled with embryo selection techniques and a potential gerontological intervention, are some examples of the rapid technological advances of the \"genetic revolution.\" This article addresses the methodological issue of how we should theorize about justice in the genomic era. Invoking the methodology of <i>non-ideal theory</i>, I argue that theorizing about justice in the genomic era entails theorizing about (1) the new inequalities that the genetic revolution could exacerbate (e.g., genetic discrimination, disability-related injustices, and gender inequality), <i>and</i> (2) those inequalities that the genetic revolution could help us mitigate (e.g., the risks of disease in early and late life). By doing so, normative theorists can ensure that we develop an account of justice that takes seriously not only individual rights, equality of opportunity, the cultural and sociopolitical aspects of disability, and equality between the sexes, but also the potential health benefits (to both individuals and populations) of attending to the evolutionary causes of morbidity and disability.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"106-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2021.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38951291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editor-in-Chief's Introduction to the Issue and Volume 39 in Review. 总编辑对问题的介绍和第39卷的审查。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.5
Gregg R Murray
{"title":"Editor-in-Chief's Introduction to the Issue and Volume 39 in Review.","authors":"Gregg R Murray","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2021.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38960543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human security as biosecurity Reconceptualizing national security threats in the time of COVID-19. 重新认识新冠肺炎时代的国家安全威胁。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.1
Craig Albert, Amado Baez, Joshua Rutland
{"title":"Human security as biosecurity <i>Reconceptualizing national security threats in the time of COVID-19</i>.","authors":"Craig Albert, Amado Baez, Joshua Rutland","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.1","DOIUrl":"10.1017/pls.2021.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research within security studies has struggled to determine whether infectious disease (ID) represents an existential threat to national and international security. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), it is imperative to reexamine the relationship between ID and global security. This article addresses the specific threat to security from COVID-19, asking, \"Is COVID-19 a threat to national and international security?\" To investigate this question, this article uses two theoretical approaches: human security and biosecurity. It argues that COVID-19 is a threat to global security by the ontological crisis posed to individuals through human security theory and through high politics, as evidenced by biosecurity. By viewing security threats through the lens of the individual and the state, it becomes clear that ID should be considered an international security threat. This article examines the relevant literature and applies the theoretical framework to a case study analysis focused on the United States.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"83-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2021.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38951286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Policy for science by ballot or by roll call? Observations from stem cell research policymaking. 科学政策是通过投票还是点名?干细胞研究政策制定的观察。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2020.14
Jonah J Ralston
{"title":"Policy for science by ballot or by roll call? <i>Observations from stem cell research policymaking</i>.","authors":"Jonah J Ralston","doi":"10.1017/pls.2020.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2020.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study compares stem cell research policymaking by legislators and citizens in the United States. First, using exit poll results from a 2006 stem cell research initiative in Missouri, the study finds that deeply held personal values such as religious beliefs and views of abortion predominate in an individual's voting decision on this issue; second, an analysis of voting behavior by senators on the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2005 finds that senators make their voting decisions based on their personal policy preferences rather than their constituents' preferences; and third, the complexity of the Missouri citizen initiative is compared with that of the legislation in the U.S. Senate, finding that the language of the citizen initiative is more sophisticated than the language of the legislative act. These findings provide the context for a broader discussion of the role of citizens and legislators in making policy for science.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"3-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2020.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38960544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
In memoriam: Albert Somit, PhD 纪念:Albert Somit博士
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.2
S. Peterson
{"title":"In memoriam: Albert Somit, PhD","authors":"S. Peterson","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Dr. Albert Somit recently died at 100 years of age. He was a major figure in the development of biopolitics. This essay reflects on his career and his role in helping others in advancing the study of politics and the life sciences.","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"55 1","pages":"133 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84876949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Direct democracy, policy diffusion, and medicalized marijuana. 直接民主、政策扩散和大麻医用化。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2020.30
Cynthia Rugeley, John Frendreis, Raymond Tatalovich
{"title":"Direct democracy, policy diffusion, and medicalized marijuana.","authors":"Cynthia Rugeley,&nbsp;John Frendreis,&nbsp;Raymond Tatalovich","doi":"10.1017/pls.2020.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2020.30","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Virtually all studies of policy diffusion are based on statutory enactments by state legislatures. But a substantial number of medicalized marijuana laws were initiated through citizen initiatives and ratified by referenda (I&R). This case study suggests that the diffusion of laws adopted by I&R requires two modifications to the conventional model of policy diffusion. First, early policy adoptions must occur through direct democracy so that horizontal diffusion results when those past adoptions by the I&R process lead to future adoptions. Second, the necessity of bypassing institutions of representative government must be operationalized as an interaction between the availability of direct democracy and the precise political variable that blocks legislative enactments.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"72-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2020.30","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38951289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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