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Politics and the Life Sciences最新文献

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Measuring attitudes as a complex system: Structured thinking and support for the Canadian carbon tax. 衡量作为一个复杂系统的态度:结构化思维和对加拿大碳税的支持。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.16
Jordan Mansell, Steven Mock, Carter Rhea, Adrienne Tecza, Jinelle Piereder
{"title":"Measuring attitudes as a complex system: <i>Structured thinking and support for the Canadian carbon tax</i>.","authors":"Jordan Mansell,&nbsp;Steven Mock,&nbsp;Carter Rhea,&nbsp;Adrienne Tecza,&nbsp;Jinelle Piereder","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We test a method for applying a network-based approach to the study of political attitudes. We use cognitive-affective mapping, an approach that visually represents attitudes as networks of concepts that an individual associates with a given issue. Using a software tool called Valence, we asked a sample of Canadians (n = 111) to draw a cognitive-affective map (CAM) of their views on the carbon tax. We treat these networks as a series of undirected graphs and examine the extent to which support for the tax can be predicted based on each graph's emotional and structural properties. We find evidence that the emotional but not the structural properties significantly predict individuals' attitudes toward the carbon tax. We also find associations between CAMs' structural properties (density and centrality) and several measures of political interest. Our results provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of CAMs as a tool for studying political attitudes. The study data are available at https://osf.io/qwpvd/?view_only=6834a1c442224e72bf45e7641880a17f.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"179-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39913788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Can a beautiful smile win the vote?: The role of candidates' physical attractiveness and facial expressions in elections. 美丽的微笑能赢得选票吗?候选人的外貌和面部表情在选举中的作用。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.17
Lena Masch, Anna Gassner, Ulrich Rosar
{"title":"Can a beautiful smile win the vote?: <i>The role of candidates' physical attractiveness and facial expressions in elections</i>.","authors":"Lena Masch,&nbsp;Anna Gassner,&nbsp;Ulrich Rosar","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.17","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several empirical studies have linked political candidates' electoral success to their physical appearance. We reexamine the effects of candidates' physical attractiveness by taking into account emotional facial expressions as measured by automated facial recognition software. The analysis is based on an observational case study of candidate characteristics in the 2017 German federal election. Using hierarchical regression modeling and controlling for candidates' displays of happiness, consistent effects of physical attractiveness remain. The results suggest that a potential interaction effect between displays of happiness and attractiveness positively affects vote shares. The study emphasizes the importance of considering emotional expressions when analyzing the impact of candidate appearance on electoral outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"213-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39913790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Political taste: Exploring how perception of bitter substances may reveal risk tolerance and political preferences. 政治口味:探索对苦味物质的感知如何揭示风险承受能力和政治偏好。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.20
Amanda Friesen, Aleksander Ksiazkiewicz, Claire Gothreau
{"title":"Political taste: Exploring how perception of bitter substances may reveal risk tolerance and political preferences.","authors":"Amanda Friesen,&nbsp;Aleksander Ksiazkiewicz,&nbsp;Claire Gothreau","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Risk is endemic to the political arena and influences citizen engagement. We explore this connection by suggesting that risk-taking may be biologically instantiated in sensory systems. With specific attention to gender and gender identity, we investigate the connections between self-reported bitter taste reception, risk tolerance, and both of their associations with political participation. In three U.S. samples collected in 2019 and 2020, participants were asked to rate their preferences from lists of foods as well as whether they detected the taste of the substance N-Propylthiouracil (PROP) and, if so, the strength of the taste. In this registered report, we find that self-reported bitter taste preference, but not PROP detection, is positively associated with higher levels of risk tolerance as well as political participation. The pattern with gender and gender identity is mixed across our samples, but interestingly, we find that sex-atypical gender identity positively predicts political participation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"152-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39661467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Psychophysiology, cognition, and political differences: Guest editors' introduction to the special issue. 心理生理学、认知和政治差异:特刊特邀编辑简介。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.21
Jordan Mansell, Allison Harell, Elisabeth Gidengil, Patrick A Stewart
{"title":"Psychophysiology, cognition, and political differences: <i>Guest editors' introduction to the special issue</i>.","authors":"Jordan Mansell,&nbsp;Allison Harell,&nbsp;Elisabeth Gidengil,&nbsp;Patrick A Stewart","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We introduce the <i>Politics and the Life Sciences</i> special issue on Psychophysiology, Cognition, and Political Differences. This issue represents the second special issue funded by the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences that adheres to the Open Science Framework for registered reports (RR). Here pre-analysis plans (PAPs) are peer-reviewed and given in-principle acceptance (IPA) prior to data being collected and/or analyzed, and are published contingent upon the preregistration of the study being followed as proposed. Bound by a common theme of the importance of incorporating psychophysiological perspectives into the study of politics, broadly defined, the articles in this special issue feature a unique set of research questions and methodologies. In the following, we summarize the findings, discuss the innovations produced by this research, and highlight the importance of open science for the future of political science research.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"137-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39661464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
A neurocognitive model of ideological thinking. 意识形态思维的神经认知模型。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.10
Leor Zmigrod
{"title":"A neurocognitive model of ideological thinking.","authors":"Leor Zmigrod","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ideological behavior has traditionally been viewed as a product of social forces. Nonetheless, an emerging science suggests that ideological worldviews can also be understood in terms of neural and cognitive principles. The article proposes a neurocognitive model of ideological thinking, arguing that ideological worldviews may be manifestations of individuals' perceptual and cognitive systems. This model makes two claims. First, there are neurocognitive antecedents to ideological thinking: the brain's low-level neurocognitive dispositions influence its receptivity to ideological doctrines. Second, there are neurocognitive consequences to ideological engagement: strong exposure and adherence to ideological doctrines can shape perceptual and cognitive systems. This article details the neurocognitive model of ideological thinking and synthesizes the empirical evidence in support of its claims. The model postulates that there are bidirectional processes between the brain and the ideological environment, and so it can address the roles of situational and motivational factors in ideologically motivated action. This endeavor highlights that an interdisciplinary neurocognitive approach to ideologies can facilitate biologically informed accounts of the ideological brain and thus reveal who is most susceptible to extreme and authoritarian ideologies. By investigating the relationships between low-level perceptual processes and high-level ideological attitudes, we can develop a better grasp of our collective history as well as the mechanisms that may structure our political futures.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"224-238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2021.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39913791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Does music affect citizens' evaluations of candidates? 音乐会影响公民对候选人的评价吗?
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.22
Emmanuel Heisbourg, Fernando Feitosa
{"title":"Does music affect citizens' evaluations of candidates?","authors":"Emmanuel Heisbourg,&nbsp;Fernando Feitosa","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While some candidates use music in some of their campaign ads to shape individuals' perceptions of their competence or compassion, for example, it is unclear whether the relationship between music and trait perceptions is empirically valid. Considering the importance of knowing where trait perceptions-which represent important determinants of the vote-come from and the extent to which it is possible to manipulate trait perceptions by means of music, this study investigates the effect of music on trait perceptions using data from an online survey experiment conducted between October 30 and November 12, 2020. In this experiment, 362 individuals were exposed to a random sequence of five campaign ads, either with their original music or with no music. Following each campaign ad, individuals were asked to evaluate the candidate's competency, honesty, leadership, and compassion. The analyses reveal that music marginally affects perceptions of competency, honesty, and leadership. Moreover, music exerts no significant effect on perceptions of compassion.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"172-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39661466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The psychophysiological correlates of cognitive dissonance. 认知失调的心理生理关联。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.15
Gavin W Ploger, Johnanna Dunaway, Patrick Fournier, Stuart Soroka
{"title":"The psychophysiological correlates of cognitive dissonance.","authors":"Gavin W Ploger,&nbsp;Johnanna Dunaway,&nbsp;Patrick Fournier,&nbsp;Stuart Soroka","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This preregistered study uses a combination of physiological measures to explore both the activation and reduction components of cognitive dissonance theory. More precisely, we use skin conductance to identify dissonance arousal, a short-term affective response to counter-attitudinal stimuli, and then use heart rate variability to measure dissonance reduction, which reflects longer-term patterns of emotional regulation and information processing. Our preliminary tests find weak evidence of dissonance arousal and no evidence of dissonance reduction using this physiological approach. We consequently reconsider (albeit optimistically) the use of physiology in future work on cognitive dissonance. We also discuss the implications of our findings for selective exposure and motivated reasoning.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 2","pages":"202-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39661469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 8
Dominic D. P. Johnson, Strategic Instincts: The Adaptive Advantages of Cognitive Biases in International Politics (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2020). 395 pages. ISBN: 9780691137452. Hardcover $27.95. 多米尼克·D·P·约翰逊，《战略本能：国际政治中认知偏见的适应性优势》（新泽西州普林斯顿，普林斯顿大学出版社，2020）。395页。ISBN:9780691137452。精装本27.95美元。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.14
Joel Ng
{"title":"Dominic D. P. Johnson, Strategic Instincts: The Adaptive Advantages of Cognitive Biases in International Politics (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 2020). 395 pages. ISBN: 9780691137452. Hardcover $27.95.","authors":"Joel Ng","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"239 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2021.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41996898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
How should we theorize about justice in the genomic era? 我们应该如何理论化基因组时代的正义?
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.3
Colin Farrelly
{"title":"How should we <i>theorize</i> about justice in the genomic era?","authors":"Colin Farrelly","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The sequencing of the human genome and advances in gene therapy and genomic editing, coupled with embryo selection techniques and a potential gerontological intervention, are some examples of the rapid technological advances of the \"genetic revolution.\" This article addresses the methodological issue of how we should theorize about justice in the genomic era. Invoking the methodology of <i>non-ideal theory</i>, I argue that theorizing about justice in the genomic era entails theorizing about (1) the new inequalities that the genetic revolution could exacerbate (e.g., genetic discrimination, disability-related injustices, and gender inequality), <i>and</i> (2) those inequalities that the genetic revolution could help us mitigate (e.g., the risks of disease in early and late life). By doing so, normative theorists can ensure that we develop an account of justice that takes seriously not only individual rights, equality of opportunity, the cultural and sociopolitical aspects of disability, and equality between the sexes, but also the potential health benefits (to both individuals and populations) of attending to the evolutionary causes of morbidity and disability.</p>","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"106-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2021.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38951291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editor-in-Chief's Introduction to the Issue and Volume 39 in Review. 总编辑对问题的介绍和第39卷的审查。
Politics and the Life Sciences Pub Date : 2021-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/pls.2021.5
Gregg R Murray
{"title":"Editor-in-Chief's Introduction to the Issue and Volume 39 in Review.","authors":"Gregg R Murray","doi":"10.1017/pls.2021.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/pls.2021.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35901,"journal":{"name":"Politics and the Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/pls.2021.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38960543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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