Icons of DissentPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0003
Jeremy Prestholdt
{"title":"Rebel Music","authors":"Jeremy Prestholdt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter applies a wide lens to appreciate the multi-faceted popularity of Bob Marley in the late Cold War era. More precisely, the chapter explains how a commercial musician became a potent symbol for social justice and so bridged the worlds of politics and popular culture. In the mid-1970s, Island Records marketed Bob Marley to Western listeners as an exotic rock star. Yet, fans around the world soon embraced his critiques of inequality and state repression as well as his liberation anthems, notably \"Get Up, Stand Up\". By rejecting ideological binaries and emphasizing morality, Marley became an important reference for transnational left youth culture, activism, and militancy. Young West Indians, Africans, Europeans, North Americans, Pacific Islanders, and many others celebrated Marley as an authentic antiestablishment voice both articulating common experiences of oppression and offering a new countercultural aesthetic. In dispensing with conventional politics and articulating the dreams of the freedom fighter, Marley invigorated liberation discourse..","PeriodicalId":358077,"journal":{"name":"Icons of Dissent","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127854941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Icons of DissentPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0007
Jeremy Prestholdt
{"title":"Brand Rebel Che Guevara Between Politics and Consumerism","authors":"Jeremy Prestholdt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces Guevara's unlikely resurgence in the post-Cold War era. The reimagination of Guevara for the new millennium isolated and extended dimensions of his complex profile, and he reemerged in nearly singular form: with long hair and beard, wearing a beret and looking into the distance, an image dubbed \"Heroic Guerrilla\" (\"Guerrillero Heroico\"). Through this image Guevara once again became a ubiquitous antiestablishment symbol. For those who were critical of contemporary globalization and domestic repression, he evoked the radicalism of the 1960s and early 1970s. Though Guevara's rebellious aura proved alluring, admirers frequently deemphasized his socialist beliefs. Moreover, as Guevara regained political relevance, he also began to appeal as a commercial, brand-like logo, quickly surpassing similar historical cases. Adaptations of the Heroic Guerrilla appeared on everything from baby clothes to mud flaps, which introduced Guevara to yet wider audiences, including many who embraced him as an antisystemic icon. While Guevara's ideology was excised to a great degree, an often implicit politicality continued to underwrite his potency as a symbol for diverse movements. Therefore, Guevara functioned simultaneously as an apolitical object of consumption, an inspirational symbol for alternative social possibilities, and the most prominent icon of dissent in the world.","PeriodicalId":358077,"journal":{"name":"Icons of Dissent","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128357915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Icons of DissentPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0006
Jeremy Prestholdt
{"title":"One Love Bob Marley, The Mystic, and the Market","authors":"Jeremy Prestholdt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how anti-systemic figures of the Cold War era were reimagined in the post-Cold War world. It begins by considering the exponential growth of Bob Marley's popularity after his death, and the amplification of discrete elements of his message. Specifically, it concentrates on the alternative meanings listeners have projected onto Marley since the 1980s, notably the view of him as a spiritual lodestar. From the mid-1980s Marley's record label and many fans began to champion him as a suprareligious figure and a symbol for politically neutral concepts like \"One Love\". This reinterpretation of Marley flattened his message but substantially widened his appeal. In the 1990s a new generation of Bob Marley fans looked to him as a voice of imprecise yearnings for spiritual fulfillment and social change. But Marley's skyrocketing popularity also contributed to increasingly vapid forms of commodification, which reduced Marley's message to cultural style. By the early 2000s, Marley's image appeared on a dizzying array of products, from underwear to soft drinks. Consequently, an intense debate ensued over the meaning of Marley's music and legacy, one in which Marley's heirs, seeking to redeem his name as an ethical brand, have played an increasingly important part.","PeriodicalId":358077,"journal":{"name":"Icons of Dissent","volume":"514 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134570919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Icons of DissentPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0002
Jeremy Prestholdt
{"title":"Until Victory Che Guevara and the Revolutionary Ideal","authors":"Jeremy Prestholdt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter takes a wide-angle approach to Che Guevara as a symbol of antiestablishment and antisystemic sentiment in the late 1960s and 1970s. Guevara's popularity offers a critical point of entry into two principle dispositions of the global left: commitment to antiestablishment struggle and a desire for transnational solidarity. This spirit of emancipatory internationalism, which bridged multiple doctrinal positions, was born of egalitarian aspirations, a transnational imagination, and the belief that global socialist revolution was possible, even imminent. As a renowned proponent of radical-emancipatory politics, Guevara neatly embodied this internationalist ideal. In an era when coordinated action across national boundaries was difficult and radical politics was marred by factionalism, Guevara became a medium for claiming and broadcasting shared sentiments. As a link among movements in North America, Western Europe, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East, Guevara iconography helped to create and sustain communities of sentiment and dissent.","PeriodicalId":358077,"journal":{"name":"Icons of Dissent","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116023498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Icons of DissentPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0004
Jeremy Prestholdt
{"title":"Me Against the World Tupac Shakur and Post-Cold War Alienation","authors":"Jeremy Prestholdt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter narrows the analytical scope to examine a transnational icon's audience in one nation. More precisely, it explores the convergence of mass media and social discontent in the early post-Cold War era by focusing on the popularity of American hip-hop artist Tupac Shakur in Sierra Leone. Shakur's worldview was more nihilistic than that of either Guevara or Marley, and his iconic resonance has not reached the level of these figures. Nonetheless, Shakur offered poignant critiques of contemporary inequalities and so came to embody post-Cold War disillusionment and social alienation, particularly for young male audiences. To demonstrate this point, this chapter looks closely at rebel combatants' attraction to Shakur during the Sierra Leone civil war, one of the most harrowing conflicts of the late twentieth century. Militant factions embraced Shakur as an inspirational figure representing those attributes combatants wished for: empowerment and the ability to overcome great odds. They used Shakur T-shirts as uniforms and incorporated his lyrics into their everyday rhetoric. As a result, Tupac references in Sierra Leone offer a window on how young people sought broader relevance for their experiences and searched for meaning through the iconography of global popular culture.","PeriodicalId":358077,"journal":{"name":"Icons of Dissent","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127928502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Icons of DissentPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0008
Jeremy Prestholdt
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Jeremy Prestholdt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Why do particular figures appeal to diverse audiences at specific historical moments? What social roles do icons play in an interfaced world? Tracing the history of global icons over the past half-century demonstrates that the answers to these questions lie not only in the form and connotations of icons, but also in their significant malleability across space and time.\u0000Global icons crystallize thought, channel ideas, foster real or imagined linkages, and focus communal energies. They represent imagination beyond the state, political party, or movement. In short, audiences transform iconic figures into the dynamic products of the transnational imagination and collective interpretation. Seemingly timeless, iconic figures symbolize transcendence and communal ideals while remaining malleable. Thus, attraction to icons is not the idolization of the individual per se. Rather, it is the idolization of possibility, of the visions and values that audiences imagine iconic figures to represent.","PeriodicalId":358077,"journal":{"name":"Icons of Dissent","volume":"81 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130850902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Icons of DissentPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0005
Jeremy Prestholdt
{"title":"Superpower Symbolic Osama Bin Laden and Millennial Discontent","authors":"Jeremy Prestholdt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632144.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter charts the uses of Osama bin Laden's image in the first decade of the twenty-first century, a period marked by the 9/11 terrorist attacks, US military interventions, and growing resistance to global inequalities. More than any other iconic figure to emerge in the new millennium, Osama bin Laden provided a symbol for popular frustrations with the neoliberal world order in the global South. In the early 2000s people in multiple world regions used bin Laden iconography to articulate a sense of marginalization and demands for systemic change. However, few of those who wore bin Laden T-shirts subscribed to his beliefs or endorsed his tactics. Many simply perceived bin Laden as a figurative \"superpower\" that symbolically approximated the United States. To account for this interpretation, this chapter concentrates on the urban environments of coastal Kenya, where some young people represented various grievances through bin Laden iconography. In an effort to explain why they did so, this chapter highlights acute feelings of alienation within religious and ethnic minority communities along Kenya's Indian Ocean coast. It shows how some Kenyans perceived their experiences of marginality as part of a larger system of repression that bin Laden's actions appeared to address..","PeriodicalId":358077,"journal":{"name":"Icons of Dissent","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126954500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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