Arboricultural Journal最新文献

{"title":"Issues of trees, health, and risks","authors":"I. Rotherham","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2021.1898817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2021.1898817","url":null,"abstract":"In this issue of the Arboricultural Journal the discussion of approaches and methods for tree valuation continues with particular but by no means exclusive relevance to amenity trees and trees in urban environments. There will be more on this important and controversial topic in future issues. Barrell (2021) considers how the complex process of tree risk management is applied to balance the benefits from trees and harm which may arise from proximity to people and property; a situation especially prevalent in urban settings. The level of management that the legal institutions, such as courts demand of duty holders, is continually subject to review and clarification. This process is driven by advances in technical knowledge and practical experience and through the societal insights of legal judgements and inquests. In this context, if they are to successfully avoid criticism and liability in the event of tree failure that leads to harm, then duty holders responsible for tree safety need to regularly review and adapt to the changing landscape of practice and litigation. This review considers implications from three recent developments which might have a bearing on how the courts assess tree risk management. Firstly, Barrell examines the civil case of Cavanagh v Witley Parish Council & Shepherd. In this example, the resultant High Court Appeal raised questions concerning inspection frequency and occupancy. Secondly, there have been two recent inquests which raised the importance of proactive management of highway trees (and hence a topic which today is never far from the headlines). Thirdly, there is the growing threat from millions of dying trees with ash dieback disease in particular and probably with globalisation and climate change, from other diseases too. Usefully the paper suggests a new model to incorporate such factors into strategic tree risk management with, for duty holders, two revised decisionmaking frameworks. Tree risks and failures are often connected to high winds and so our enhanced understanding of wind and its behaviour is always welcome. Goodwin (2021) addresses daily maximum high gust wind speeds at Dublin, Ireland. The study takes and analyses data from a recent 30-year period. In the research, the maximal and mean storm gusts were compared to those of the growing season. The work considers xylogenesis in a context of thigmomorphogenetic acclimation of temperate trees to the experienced wind environment. Considering notional minimal factors of biomechanical safety and major tree failures in storm winds, maximal annual gust probabilities were estimated. The correlation of the highest mean growing season gusts and extremum storm gusts is then reviewed. From the analysis, the successful acclimation to the mean highest 5% of growing season gusts was suggested to give a notional minimal factor of safety against major failure in extremum winter storm gusts of about four. From this study it is inferred that tree risk assessment might","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82996136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The implications of recent English legal judgments, inquest verdicts, and ash dieback disease for the defensibility of tree risk management regimes","authors":"Jeremy Barrell","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2020.1854996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1854996","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tree risk management is a complex process intended to balance the benefits that trees provide against the harm that can arise from their proximity to people and property. The level of management that the courts expect from duty holders is constantly being clarified through advancing technical knowledge and practical experience, and emerging societal insights from new legal judgments and inquests. Duty holders responsible for tree safety must regularly review and adapt to this evolving landscape if they are to successfully refute criticism and liability in the event of a tree failure causing harm and ending up in court. This paper explores the implications of recent developments in three areas that may influence how the courts will assess tree risk management regimes; 1) the civil case of Cavanagh v Witley Parish Council & Shepherd, and the subsequent High Court Appeal, raises questions around inspection frequency and occupancy; 2) two recent inquests have highlighted the importance of proactively managing highway trees; and, 3) the emerging threat from millions of dying trees because of ash dieback disease. A model for incorporating these implications into strategic tree risk management is proposed in the form of two revised decision-making frameworks for duty holders.","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"3 1","pages":"3 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84957923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air pollution, human health and the benefits of trees: a biomolecular and physiologic perspective","authors":"P. Mei, Malik, Richard W. Harper, J. M. Jiménez","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2020.1854995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1854995","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is well accepted that particulate matter (PM) can affect human health detrimentally. Chronic and prolonged exposures to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ranging between 2.5 and 10 microns (PM10), 0.1 and 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and less than 0.1 microns in size (UFPM), have been associated with cardiopulmonary diseases. PM is ubiquitously present in urban settings, while primarily absent in forest environments primarily due to the direct interception of airborne pollution particles by trees. Both short- and long-term exposure to trees in forested environments is associated with lower blood pressure and inflammation, as well as enhanced immune function. Additionally, exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) actively released by trees is associated with improved health through enhanced natural killer cell activity, reduced inflammatory responses, and reduced psychological stress. This article presents the results of a literature review on the harmful health effects of air pollution in urban environments, and the potential of forested environments to promote health and disease prevention.","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"102 1","pages":"19 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76870941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the editor in reply to C. Neilan’s letter","authors":"C. Price","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2020.1864991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1864991","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Sir,I reciprocate Neilan’s thanks, and echo his thanks to the editors, for the opportunity to clarify and develop my critique, in this reply and in the forthcoming paper, “Further consideratio...","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"589 1","pages":"62 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76592134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The management of urban parks and its contribution to social interactions","authors":"Arlinda Hajzeri","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2020.1829373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1829373","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The topic of managing and protecting parks fits well into a broader paradigm at local, national, and international levels. Local decision-makers are increasingly becoming aware of the benefits and values of urban parks. The value of urban parks brings together different perspectives from health, recreation, heritage value, ecology, to the use and management of these parks sustainably. Protection and sustainable management are significant for urban parks’ survival and utilisation. At the same time, the management and maintenance of urban parks play important roles in social interactions. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the contribution of urban park management to the development of social interaction within Peace Park in the city of Podujevo, Kosovo. The findings suggest that local parks may support the development of social interaction in urban areas. Associations were found between the quality of urban parks, usage, and extent of interaction. The study concludes that in developing countries, management plays a crucial role in fostering social interaction. That in turn, increases the pressure for local authorities to provide better management and innovative solutions.","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"187 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82174637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of methods to measure sensor positions for tomography","authors":"S. Rust","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2020.1829374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1829374","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tomographs are increasingly used in advanced tree assessment. Their accuracy depends on accurately measured sensor positions. For complex cross-sections, using the standard method based on electronic callipers, recording sensor positions is time consuming and, in rare cases, can even fail. Faster and easy to use methods could improve the quality of tomograms because users are more likely to record sensor positions accurately. This study tested several alternative methods to measure sensor positions and compared them to results from electronic callipers. These are structure from motion, an infrared depth sensor, and pattern recognition. All methods proved to be highly accurate with results deviating less than 2% between methods.","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"180 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87523043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding and supporting the urban forest becomes increasingly important with urbanisation and now with COVID lockdowns","authors":"I. Rotherham","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2020.1860540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1860540","url":null,"abstract":"Trees and woodlands generally, and the urban forest in particular, have never been more significant and important to both human society and to the environmental functioning of our planet. However, take a look across the world and forests are being felled and cleared and landscapes from Brazil and Indonesia to the Australian outback are burning. Soils and fertility are eroded and washed off the land to pollute the seas, oceans and fisheries. With this scenario and global human populations rising and temperatures too, is it surprising that we experience major problems? I would argue that we are not entering a post-COVID situation when the current pandemic begins to ease, but more realistically are entering a new phase of the longterm human-nature paradigm. It has been asserted by some commentators that the present COVID pandemic is at least to a degree, a consequence in part of human disruption of planetary ecosystems and ecological processes. Indeed, it is hard to not see the logic in this view of the 2020 crisis. In so many ways our expanding human population has triggered mass extinction and global environmental degradation to stress ecological systems and to weaken human resistance to new disease and contagion. With trees generally, and urban trees in particular, worldwide climate change and other environmental stresses are combining with globalisation to trigger massive spread of diseases and pests beyond their established ranges. The use of commercially grown clonal varieties of tree-stock approved and exported across continents (as in the case of common ash, Fraxinus excelsior) is a major worry and a potentially spectacular ecological “own goal”. Faced by mass plantings of clonal trees a pest or disease may prove rampant until it comes across plants with a degree of genetically in-built resistance. Environmental disruption also includes problems such as atmospheric fallout of acid rain and now nitrogen oxides, which, acting as mass fertiliser have the potential to disrupt the mutualistic fungal associations of great trees – especially their root-based mycorrhizal symbionts. Yet we are increasingly aware that these mutualistic fungi in the roots as mycorrhizas but in the above-grown plant tissues too, are the basis of the good health of many trees. Disrupted or displaced, the loss of these fungi may lead to decline and death of the trees. Returning to COVID and global lockdown, one major observation to emerge from the situation has been the importance of green spaces and especially trees and woods, in promoting and enhancing human health and wellbeing. Particularly, in poorer areas (in terms of socio-economic deprivation and low environmental quality) trees and woods bring huge benefits to local people who are fitter, happier, and healthier. It has even been shown that children’s educational performance can be enhanced by Arboricultural Journal 2020, VOL. 42, NO. 4, 187–189 https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1860540","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"187 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73160275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How can the habitat features of ancient veteran trees be best replicated in a structural design to best utilise waste dead wood?","authors":"Daniella Steel","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2020.1814656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1814656","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ancient veteran trees and their associated habitat are valuable ecological cornerstones within numerous global ecosystems. However, modern pressures such as urban sprawl and rigorous safety and maintenance regimes threaten the longevity and continuity of habitat provision. Furthermore, modern Arboricultural amenity, safety and development works create large quantities of waste dead wood with limited commercial value (especially concerning wood with valuable habitat features, e.g., decay, cracks, and cavities). This study identifies the main habitat features of AVTs, the main techniques available for the utilisation of dead wood for habitat; and recommends criteria for a structural design that best utilises waste dead wood to replicate the habitat features of AVTs. The findings suggest that the structure should replicate a tubular hollow filled with detritus and decaying wood, incorporating as many cracks and cavities to access the internal structure at different horizons as possible. The final design incorporates these features, utilising as much waste dead wood as possible, in a way that best replicates valuable habitat features of an ancient veteran tree.","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"237 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89734562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of portable chainsaw chains","authors":"W. Robb, P. Nevrkla","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2020.1814654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1814654","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper deals with the methodology of qualitative assessment of functional and constructional parameters of portable chainsaw chains. The individual types of chains are compared according to their construction and specifics. This paper identifies and compares typical material properties, as these determine the properties of the chains. Mechanical properties are assessed in accordance with material hardness and metallography. Chemical analysis compares the measurable content of chemical elements in the material. The operational test methodology is designed with the aim to test the specific samples under constant conditions. The study monitors and compares theoretical lifetime and associated economic aspects with the aim to help in the decision-making process in choosing a given chainsaw chain. The methodological procedure of the research study was created and tested. The study addressed chain samples of different manufacturers with reference to chains with round and chisel profiles of cutting links, cutter pitch of 0.325” or 3/8”. As the research focused on the checking chain test methodological procedure, not on the results; the tested chains are quoted as samples 1 to 5 to prevent the identification of the manufacturer.","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"201 1","pages":"228 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86862705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the structure, diversity, and composition of woody species of urban forests of Adama city, Central Ethiopia","authors":"Hingabu Hordofa Koricho, A. D. Seboka, Shaoxian Song","doi":"10.1080/03071375.2020.1798702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03071375.2020.1798702","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses the diversity, composition, structure and abundance of urban forests in Adama city, Central Ethiopia to provide baseline information useful for developing a conservation strateg...","PeriodicalId":35799,"journal":{"name":"Arboricultural Journal","volume":"34 1-2","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72598505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}