GSA Today最新文献

{"title":"Halokinetic Induced Topographic Controls on Sediment Routing in Salt-Bearing Basins: A Combined Physical and Numerical Modeling Approach","authors":"Jinyu Zhang, L. Moscardelli, T. Dooley, Nur Schuba","doi":"10.1130/gsatg561a.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg561a.1","url":null,"abstract":"Allogenic controls are frequently cited as key factors influencing basin evolution; however, fewer studies perform paleo-topographic reconstructions to examine the impact of topography in the development of stratigraphic sequences. Disentangling how allogenic versus autogenic controls affect the stratigraphic succession within a basin affected by salt tectonics is particularly challenging because decoupling the stratigraphic signature of lithospheric induced uplift and subsidence from salt tectonics is not a trivial exercise. We tackle this problem by integrating physical modeling results with a landscape numerical model and compare results with a case scenario from the subsurface. The physical model provides surface displacement data that are then used as inputs into the landscape numerical model to simulate the surface and stratigraphic evolution of a salt tectonic basin during a 25-m.y. timespan and within the context of a continental-scale source-to-sink (S2S) system. Results show that the evolution of salt structures impact the development and diversion of sedimentary routing systems within salt basins, thus influencing the character of the stratigraphic record independently of allo-genic factors such as lithospheric induced uplift. Modeling results highlight the importance of reconstructing the paleo-topography of ancient depositional systems affected by salt tectonics to truly understand the nature of the final stratigraphic record.","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43963949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saving Earth, Saving Geoscience","authors":"Morgan Disbrow-Monz, Etzigueri Ubeda, Jeffrey Greenberg, E. Metzger, Gregory R. Wessel","doi":"10.1130/gsatg565gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg565gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47385900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Natural Disaster(s)”: Going Back to the Roots of Misleading Terminology. Insights from Culturomics","authors":"Fabrizio Gizzi","doi":"10.1130/gsatg532gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg532gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"MOTIVATIONS The noun disaster (1590s) comes from the French désastre (1560s), from the Italian disastro, which derives from dis(ill) and astro (star), literally “ill-starred”; the term astro results from the Latin astrum, which in turn arises from the Greek astron (Harper, 2001). The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR, formerly UNISDR) defines a disaster as “a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity, leading to one or more of the following: human, material, economic and environmental losses and impacts” (UNDRR, 2020). Furthermore, according to the World Bank “unnatural disasters are deaths and damages that result from human acts of omission and commission” (World Bank–United Nations, 2010). These statements clarify that disasters are the result of a complex interaction between hazardous events (e.g., earthquakes) and the vulnerability of the social system, due to human choices. Therefore, the adjective “natural” misrepresents the formal meaning of “disaster.” The unnatural character of disasters has been dealt with at least since the mideighteenth century after the great 1755 Lisbon earthquake and downward through the discussion of the scientific community that began in the 1930s through the 1970s, and is still active today (Ball, 1975; Gaillard et al., 2007; Gould et al., 2016). Nonetheless, the expression “natural disasters” is still used by politicians, media, international organizations, and scientists posing possible concrete implications, such as lowering the sense of human responsibility (Chmutina and von Meding, 2019) and influencing people to believe that (“natural”) disasters are ineluctable. That might adversely affect disaster preparedness. However, online initiatives and campaigns try to discourage the use of this expression (“#NoNaturalDisasters” web or Twitter campaigns). Additionally, the UNISDR banned the terminology from official communications in 2018 (Chmutina and von Meding, 2019). Is it possible to infer when and how this (improper) lexicon developed? To try to answer this question, we asked for help from culturomics, a form of computational lexicology that studies human culture and human behavior based on the analysis of large digital data sets resulting from the collection, digitization, and indexing of a huge amount of words contained in printed works. We used the Ngram Viewer search engine, the free lexicometric tool developed by a team at Google Books (Michel et al., 2010).","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136171110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Tool for Producing 3D Orientation Symbology for Google Earth","authors":"Steven Whitmeyer, Mladen Dordevic","doi":"10.1130/gsatg553gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg553gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"Modern methods for creating geologic maps feature a digital workflow, with dedicated mapping apps for mobile devices (e.g., ArcGIS Collector, FieldMove, StraboSpot), cloud storage of data in public repositories (e.g., strabospot.org), and preparation and presentation of maps and other deliverable products via geographic information systems (GIS), such as ArcGIS, QGIS, and Google Earth. Recently, the StraboSpot field data system (Walker et al., 2019) has provided a new standard for digital data collection and curation, and the StraboSpot app is increasingly used to collect field data. Data archived at strabospot.org can be downloaded in a variety of formats, including GIS shapefiles, KMZ files, XLS files, and image JPEGs. Mapping platforms, such as ArcGIS, FieldMove, and StraboSpot, can export field data in a variety of formats, including KMZ files that can be displayed in virtual 3D terrains. Viewing field data in a virtual 3D terrain can aid in the interpretation of planar and linear features, such as lithologic contacts, faults, and fold axes. However, field data points with orientation measurements are often not satisfactorily rendered when draped or positioned over a 3D surface that has notable topographic relief. Preferable is the depiction of orientation data as symbols in the correct 3D orientation at the virtual location equivalent to where it was mapped in the field. The depiction of 3D orientation symbols for bedding, foliation, lineation, etc. (Fig. 1), can now be easily achieved with a web-based tool called Symbols. Our initial version of Symbols uploads generic CSV files of field data to produce 3D orientation symbols as a KML file for Google Earth (Whitmeyer and Dordevic, 2020). Recently, in order to interface more seamlessly with the StraboSpot field mapping system, we developed a new version: Symbols2 (https://educ.jmu.edu/~whitmesj/ GEODE/symbols2/), which uploads an XLS file of field data. XLS files produced by the StraboSpot app or other sources will often include more columns of data than are necessary for creating 3D orientation symbols. Data columns that are relevant for generating orientation symbols include: Latitude and Longitude (to position a symbol in the correct virtual location in Google Earth), Strike, Dip, Planar Feature Type, Facing (upright or overturned), Trend, Plunge, Linear Feature Type, Name (for a field data point), Date (when the field data was collected) and Notes (field notes as recorded by the geologist). Symbols2 can handle an XLS file of field data from any source by assigning column headers to the type of data in the column. Field data is included within pop-up balloons in Google Earth, which are displayed by clicking on a symbol (Fig. 1). StraboSpot records lithologic units for field data points as Tags, and thus a StraboSpot XLS file will include several columns with headers as Tag:unit name. Symbols2 assigns a nominal color to each of these unit Tags, so that the orientation symbols generated will","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136171106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metamorphic Core Complex Dichotomy in the North American Cordillera Explained by Buoyant Upwelling in Variably Thick Crust","authors":"Andrew Zuza, Wenrong Cao","doi":"10.1130/gsatg548a.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg548a.1","url":null,"abstract":"Metamorphic core complexes (MCC) in the North American Cordillera exhibit a strong dichotomy. Those in the north formed in a thickened orogenic plateau during Paleogene Farallon subduction, are widely spaced (~200 km), and young SW. Conversely, those in the south formed in thinner crust, are closely spaced (~50 km), developed during the Oligocene-Miocene transition to regional transtension, and young NW. Synthesis of magmatism and cooling ages, modeling, and plate reconstructions demonstrate that MCCs could have initiated as buoyant domes driven by lower-crust heating caused by asthenospheric upwelling after Farallon slab rollback. These domes were later exhumed by Miocene extension. The widely spaced Paleogene hinterland domal upwellings and associated mylonites were temporally decoupled from Miocene detachments, manifesting a two-stage development. The closely spaced Oligocene-Miocene foreland MCCs show almost synchronized doming and detachment faulting. The spacing dichotomy of","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135797127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Past, Power, and Our Future with the Earth","authors":"Mark Little","doi":"10.1130/gsatprsadrs22.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatprsadrs22.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42958166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The New Source to Sink: Opportunities for Geoscientists in Sand and Gravel Mining","authors":"Zachary T. Sickmann","doi":"10.1130/gsatg558gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg558gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"MOTIVATION Sand and gravel mining, transport, and consumption in the global construction industry is arguably the world’s largest “source-to-sink” (S2S) sediment dispersal system. Construction aggregates are the world’s most extracted solid material resource (OECD, 2019) with 30–50 billion tons currently mined annually, largely used in concrete (UNEP, 2019). Total global sediment flux to oceans is around 19 billion tons annually, of which ~1.5 billion tons is bedload material (Syvitski et al., 2005). While crushed rock is increasingly important in construction aggregates (Torres et al., 2021), natural sand and gravel deposits are still the primary mining targets globally (Torres et al., 2021; UNEP, 2019). Given the fact that construction aggregates are generally coarser than fine sand, the most direct comparison between these two global S2S systems is bedload estimates versus construction aggregates. This makes the global construction S2S system an order of magnitude larger than all the world’s natural coarse-grained S2S systems combined. Because coarse sediment is something that many geoscientists think about daily, this fact presents new opportunities for societally relevant research directions.","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45599437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AGeS3: Micro-Funding an Inclusive Community Grassroots Effort to Better Understand the Earth System","authors":"R. Flowers, J. Arrowsmith","doi":"10.1130/gsatg549gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg549gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"AGeS-Grad (Graduate Student Research) 110 Awards total $8500 Average 5 proposal cycles Years: 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 AGeS-DiG (Diversity in Geochronology) 30 Awards total $13,500 Average 3 proposal cycles Years: 2023, 2025, 2027 AGeS-TRaCE (TRaining and Community Engagement) 20 Awards total $10,000 Average 2 proposal cycles Years: 2024, 2026 3 GeS R.M. Flowers, Dept of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA; J.R. Arrowsmith, School of Earth & Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46470714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemistry Education for the Geosciences: Perceptions of Importance and Relevant Knowledge","authors":"N. LaDue, Erika Zocher","doi":"10.1130/gsatg527gw.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg527gw.1","url":null,"abstract":"The role of chemistry in preparing geologists is not well defined or quantified. Chemistry content and coursework can present challenges and misconceptions that act as barriers for many students (Anderson and Libarkin, 2016; Barbera, 2013). The American Geosciences Institute (AGI) Geoscience Handbook (Carpenter and Keane, 2016) identifies key chemistry concepts and skills for the geosciences. With the diversity of career paths in the geosciences, universal chemistry training guidelines for all is impractical. Our goal is to elucidate geologists’ perceptions of the foundational chemistry knowledge students need for a geoscience degree. We use the term “geosciences” throughout, reflecting the range of degree programs that would align with content outlined in the AGI handbook. Results from this pilot survey can inform curricular choices, course content, and program requirements for geology students.","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47261343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creating Continents: Archean Cratons Tell the Story","authors":"Carol Frost, P. Mueller, D. Mogk, Ronald Frost, D. Henry","doi":"10.1130/gsatg541a.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/gsatg541a.1","url":null,"abstract":"The record of the first two billion years of Earth’s history (the Archean) is notoriously incomplete, yet crust of this age is present on every continent. Here we examine the Archean record of the Wyoming craton in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA, which is both well-exposed and readily accessible. We identify three stages of Archean continental crust formation that are also recorded in other cratons. The youngest stage is characterized by a variety of Neoarchean rock assemblages that are indistinguishable from those produced by modern plate-tectonic processes. The middle stage is typified by the trondhjemite-tonalite-granodiorite (TTG) association, which involved partial melting of older, mafic crust. This older mafic crust is not preserved but can be inferred from information in igneous and detrital zircon grains and isotopic","PeriodicalId":35784,"journal":{"name":"GSA Today","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46407253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}