Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology最新文献

{"title":"Population affinity estimation of an unidentified individual using nonmetric dental traits: a case report.","authors":"Myrtati Dyah Artaria, Sayf Muhammad Alaydrus, Farhad Moegis, Devi Ayu Aurora Nasution, Ahmad Yudianto","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.21849339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21849339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to their strong correlation to heredity, nonmetric dental traits are deemed useful to estimate an individual's population affinity. This case report demonstrates the use of the rASUDAS2 application for estimating a decedent's population affinity when other primary identification methods proved insufficient. Initial examinations showed that the decedent (referred to as KF230565 or Mr X) was a 42-year-old male whose death was caused by non-homicidal drowning. Due to slight deviations from the typical Western Indonesian craniofacial characteristics, his nonmetric dental traits were graded to confirm his population affinity. After grading the dental traits according to the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS), the data were entered into the rASUDAS2 software. Based on the analysis, the decedent was estimated to be of Western Eurasian (46.24%) or Southeast Asian (20.58%) affinity. This information was then passed to forensic artists and law enforcement, and a facial approximation sketch was constructed using the appropriate population-specific soft tissue thickness dataset. The sketches were then disseminated to the public to aid recognition. After receiving additional reports from the public, positive identification of the decedent was confirmed through primary identifiers. This report encourages the use of multidisciplinary methods in forensic identification, as well as further studies on dental morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 2","pages":"67-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the comparative efficacy of forensic torch excitation wavelengths for dental restoration differentiation: a pilot study.","authors":"Thomas Corfield, Denice Higgins","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.21849045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21849045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing sophistication of restorative materials in replicating natural tooth fluorescence poses a challenge for both antemortem and postmortem dental charting. This study evaluated the efficacy of various discrete excitation wavelengths, including those from common forensic torches, in differentiating modern restorative materials from tooth.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Conducted within the Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) laboratory framework, six extracted human molars and five contemporary A3-shade restorative materials were examined via spectrophotometry across five excitation wavelengths: 266, 300, 365, 395 and 426nm. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) was applied to Peak Intensity and Peak Emission Wavelength data to quantify the multivariate statistical separation between groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>UV-A wavelengths of 365nm and 395nm produced the most robust group separation. While 365nm excitation produced the highest absolute emission intensities for visual detection, 395nm excitation elicited unique spectral red-shifts in composite resins, providing the highest mathematical discrimination. Visible violet excitation at 426nm was the least reliable differentiator.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>For forensic practitioners, UV-A torches (365-395 nm) remain effective for detecting the tooth-coloured restorations tested here. While 365nm is optimal for rapid visual screening 395nm provides a more distinctive spectral fingerprints for formal characterisation. Despite improved fluorescence matching under visible light, the modern restorative materials tested here retain unique spectral signatures under UV-A illumination, though variable fluorescence intensity influenced detectability and may limit generalisation to other restorations or teeth.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 2","pages":"35-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual dimorphism based on metric and non-metric parameters of human teeth in a Brazilian population.","authors":"Wagner Costa Rossi Júnior, Alessandra Esteves, Denismar Alves Nogueira, Bruna Silva Pereira, Lara Kramer Chiomark Malaquias, Clarice de Araújo Oliveira, Ricardo Henrique Alves da Silva","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.21848953","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21848953","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In forensic contexts, incomplete or fragmented bones are frequently encountered due to post-mortem damage and taphonomic changes, and teeth can be considered a valid and reliable source for sex estimation, as they are among the most resistant structures of the human body. Methods based on metric and non-metric dental traits are commonly used for sex estimation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of sexual dimorphism in a Brazilian population through metric and non-metric analysis of teeth. A total of 73 individuals aged between 18 and 25 years were evaluated. All analyses were conducted on the upper jaw. The metric analysis consisted of obtaining buccolingual and mesiodistal measurements of the clinical crown of the teeth. In addition to measurements for each tooth, the maxillary dental arch perimeter and intercanine distance were also considered. The non-metric analysis consisted of observing and describing traits present or absent in the teeth, using the ASUDAS. Intraobserver error was assessed using the paired t-test and the Dahlberg method. Parametric or non-parametric tests were applied according to the data distribution. The mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions proved effective for identifying sex differences, except for teeth 12/22 (mesiodistal) and 13/23 (buccolingual). The maxillary dental arch perimeter and intercanine distance were significantly larger in males. Regarding non-metric traits, the results were less significant; only a few teeth presented traits associated with sexual dimorphism: the lingual tubercle (tooth 22), the mesial marginal ridge tubercle (tooth 26), and the hypocone cusp (teeth 17 and 27). It is concluded that the findings, although relevant, should be interpreted with caution, as their consistency still needs to be confirmed. Therefore, additional studies with larger samples from different regions of Brazil are necessary to validate these parameters and consider them reliable in anthropological and forensic contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 2","pages":"2-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the cervical bone a biological marker for bone age assessment?","authors":"Cristiana Palmela Pereira, Rebeca Bonvini, Rui Santos, Stefano Vanin, Roberto Cameriere","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.21849300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21849300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age assessment is essential in forensic practice when the chronological age of living individuals is unknown, particularly in legal, civil, migration, and asylum contexts requiring the judicial determination of age-related rights and responsibilities. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two cervical vertebral methods in a Portuguese reference subadult population (6-23 years), ethnically homogeneous, using the analysis of the fourth cervical vertebra (C4) on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Two approaches were applied: Baccetti's qualitative morphological staging of C2-C4 and Cameriere's morphometric ratio of C4. A total of 528 lateral cephalometric radiographs, balanced by age and sex, were analysed independently by trained observers. Intra- and inter-observer reliability were evaluated using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and weighted Cohen's kappa (κ). Statistical procedures included correlation analyses, multiple linear regression, Classification Trees (CT), and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves to assess performance at legally relevant thresholds (12, 14, 16, 18 years). Baccetti's method explained 75.3% (coefficient of determination R²=0.753) of chronological age variability, with a mean error of approximately two years and high accuracy for thresholds of 12-16 years. Cameriere's ratio showed lower explanatory capacity (R²=0.568) and a mean error of 2.7 years, although its ROC curves demonstrated good discriminatory performance across all age cut-offs. The combination of both methods showed a slight increase in predictive performance (R²=0.784), although this combined approach was not formally evaluated as an independent model. Females reached skeletal maturity earlier, although error rates were similar between sexes. Reliability was excellent across methods. Both approaches proved applicable for forensic age assessment, offering complementary advantages: Baccetti's method provides broader morphological interpretation, whereas Cameriere's morphometric ratio offers objectivity and reproducibility. These population-specific reference data support the forensic use of cervical vertebral analysis as part of a multimodal age estimation framework.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 2","pages":"57-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating if blanking the eyes of individuals effectively ensures anonymity: an ethical dilemma in scientific publications and lectures.","authors":"Leanne M Sykes, Herman Bernitz","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.21849188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21849188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinicians and lecturers often use clinical photographs of actual patients for teaching purposes, in congress presentations and for scientific publications. It has been customary practice to blank out the eyes on clinical photographs to ensure anonymity. Researchers have become increasingly concerned that merely covering the eyes is not an effective way to conceal identity especially if the photograph is of a person that may be known to the observer. This study blanked out the eyes of 15 photographs of staff members and well-known public figures as per routine practice in maintaining anonymity. The images were presented to dental students in the final two years of their study, and they were asked to try and identify the individuals. The students were then shown the same images in a different order with no blanked-out eyes and again asked to identify the people. Students were advised that spelling of names was not important. The results were analysed using descriptive statistics to determine the number of correct answers per illustration and in total for both the blanked out and unaltered series of photographs. The results revealed that despite the eyes being blanked out, 75% of the students were able to identify the same number of faces in both series, 21% only had 1 image they could not identify in the blanked out images, and 4% misidentified 2 images. This study confirmed the suspicion that mere blanking out the eyes of an image is ineffectual in ensuring anonymity. It is also evident that most journals are aware of this limitation, and are insisting on confirmation of consent before publishing facial photographs. However, the authors suggest that all lecturers, presenters at study groups and organisers of conferences ensure there is a declaration slide included in the presentation, in which they assure the audience they have gained consent from the respective subjects in their presentations.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 2","pages":"16-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modified Radiographic Age Estimation Criteria Based on Third Molar Eruption and Mineralization Status.","authors":"Shruti Gupta, Ambika Gupta, Deepti Sharma, Anita Hooda, Komal Kumia, Mala Kamboj","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.21849077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21849077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Radiographic assessment of the eruption and maturation status of third molars has been widely used for age estimation.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study compared the effectiveness of radiographic age estimation based on the eruption and mineralization status of third molars, and a new regression equation combining both criteria was proposed.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Panoramic radiographs from 269 individuals aged 12-25 years were assessed for third molar eruption and mineralization status. Olze et al. (2007) criterion was applied to evaluate eruption levels, whereas a new simplified criterion was proposed to assess mineralization status.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 995 teeth were assessed. A significant correlation was observed between chronological age and stages of both methods; however, this correlation was slightly higher for the mineralization method than the eruption technique. In addition, the diagnostic efficacy of the newer mineralization method was higher compared to the eruption technique for estimation of 18 years.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The regression formula (where the status of all four third molars can be determined) predicts the age among females and males with a mean absolute difference of 1.452 years and 1.163 years, respectively. Mineralization status was found to be superior to eruption status for age estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 2","pages":"43-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of canine dimensions as markers for sex estimation in biological profiling.","authors":"Francis Kofi Sarkodie, Chrissie Stansie Abaidoo, Joshua Tetteh, Thomas Koukou Diby, Samuel Bimpong, Atta Kusi Appiah, Nancy Darkoa Darko, James Nketsiah, Collins Adjei-Antwi, Clement Nsobire Atobiga, Juliet Robertson, Samuel Kwadwo Peprah Bempah, Daniel Kobina Okwan, Ethel Akua Achiaa Domfeh, Priscilla Obeng, Sarah Owusu Afriyie","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.21849228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21849228","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Forensic dentistry focuses on identifying individuals through distinctive characteristics of their dental structures. There is a lack of documentation of dental records in developing countries, particularly in Ghana. Therefore, the study aimed to generate detailed baseline data on the sexually dimorphic features of the canine tooth. A convenience sampling technique was employed to recruit a total of 280 participants (140 males and 140 females) aged 18-42 years. Ethical approval was obtained from the Committee on Human Research, Publications and Ethics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Informed consent was sought from the participants. Dental impressions were made using alginate powder, and study models were prepared using dental stone. Measurements of right and left mesiodistal width of the mandibular and maxillary canines, and Intercanine distances were taken using Digital Vernier Calipers. The means of the Right and Left Mandibular, Maxillary Mesiodistal Widths, Intercanine Distances, and the Right Mandibular Canine index were sexually dimorphic. Binary logistic regression analyses showed that models employing the Right and Left Mandibular Mesiodistal Width, Mandibular Intercanine Distance, Maxillary Intercanine Distance, Right and Left Maxillary Mesiodistal Width, and Right Mandibular Canine Index were good and statistically significant in predicting sex. The best-performing model was the Left Maxillary Mesiodistal Width, which correctly predicted 65% of males and 67.9% of females, with an overall prediction accuracy of 66.40%. Microdont was the predominant tooth type for left and right maxillary canines, followed by mesodont and microdont among both sexes. The results of this study indicate sexual dimorphism, providing a baseline for further research. Canine dimensions, combined with other dental and skeletal indicators, can enhance the accuracy of sex estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 2","pages":"23-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148841653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of post-mortem interval based on gingival tissue hypoxia inducible factor-1α gene expression.","authors":"Sabyasachi Bhowal, Debasmita Chatterjee, Saurabh Chattopadhyay, Argha Rudra, Krishnendu Paira, Satadal Das","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.19689631","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.19689631","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In the realm of forensic science, the Post Mortem Interval (PMI) is a critical component that determines the time that has passed since the person's physiological death. Although techniques exist to precisely determine the PMI, the results are often unreliable. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a transcriptional factor, and in hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α protein is expressed after proteosomal degradation and ubiquitination pathway involving von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL). The aim of the study was to assess HIF-1α mRNA expression in human gingival tissues at different PMIs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Gum tissues were collected from cadavers at three definite intervals, namely short PMI (SPMI), medium PMI (MPMI), and long PMI (LPMI). The relative fold change in gene expression of HIF-1α was studied by RT PCR. Histopathological analysis of the tissue samples was done to determine the PMI.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the case of short PMI (SPMI), the relative fold change in gene expression of HIF-1α is 26.90 ± 23.62. However, in the medium PMI (MPMI) and long PMI (LPMI), the relative fold change in gene expression decreased to 6.32 ± 10.90 and 5.33 ± 8.12, respectively. Histopathological analysis of the post mortem samples revealed less necrosis in SPMI than LPMI. Inflammatory cell infiltration is more in SPMI than MPMI, with their notable absence in LPMI. Ulceration was prominent in LPMI. Destructive vasculitis was visible in SPMI and MPMI. Cystic changes were increased in MPMI and LPMI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Combined gene expression of HIF-1α and histopathological analysis is a good option for determination of PMI.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"25-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248839/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148144828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CBCT assessment of maxillary sinus sexual dimorphism: morphometry and sex-classification performance in Peruvian adults.","authors":"Eduardo Wilder Ramos Yataco, Lorenzo Enrique Marroquín García, Victor Moreno-Prieto","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.19689386","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.19689386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The maxillary sinus exhibits sexual variation that is useful for forensic identification. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) enables precise quantification of linear and volumetric dimensions; however, evidence regarding the most discriminative parameter remains heterogeneous. This study aimed to determine whether CBCT-derived morphometry of the maxillary sinuses discriminates biological sex in adults and to quantify classification performance. We conducted a retrospective observational study and randomly selected 108 CBCT scans from 150 eligible records (age 20-70 years, permanent dentition). Height, width, length, and volume were measured bilaterally from standardized multiplanar reconstructions; normality was assessed and sexes were compared using Student's t test. Males showed larger sinus volumes than females (right: 17.41 ± 1.61 vs 15.38 ± 1.79 cm³; left: 17.46 ± 1.37 vs 15.86 ± 2.02 cm³; p <0.001). In side-specific univariate linear discriminant analysis with 10-fold cross-validation, width was the best single predictor: right width AUC = 0.80 (95% CI: 0.72-0.88) and accuracy = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.63-0.79); left width AUC = 0.74 (0.64-0.83) and accuracy = 0.68 (0.59-0.76). In multivariable models using width + age, linear discriminant analysis achieved AUC = 0.771 (95% CI: 0.676-0.858) and accuracy = 0.722 (95% CI: 0.631-0.798), with sensitivity = 0.729 (95% CI: 0.590-0.834) and specificity = 0.717 (95% CI: 0.592-0.815); logistic regression performed similarly (AUC = 0.771; accuracy = 0.713). Conclusions: CBCT-based morphometry of the maxillary sinus discriminates sex with moderate performance; width is the most informative single metric in this cohort. For forensic application, population-specific external validation and multivariable models integrating shape and volume descriptors are recommended.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"38-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248830/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148144772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"I.O.F.O.S. Recommendations for Quality Assurance: Dental Age Assessment in Living Individuals.","authors":"Cristiana Palmela Pereira, Helen Liversidge, Hrvoje Brkić, Marin Vodanović, Vilma PInchi, Ricardo Henrique Alves da Silva, Ashith Acharya, Stefano Garatti, Sigrid I Kvaal","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.19689723","DOIUrl":"10.5281/zenodo.19689723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Age assessment in living individuals is an important question of legal and humanitarian decision-making when reliable identification documents are unavailable. The IOFOS Recommendations for Quality Assurance: Dental Age Assessment in Living Individuals were developed to provide standardized guidance for forensic dental age assessment and have undergone successive revisions over time in response to scientific, methodological, ethical, and legal developments. The most recent revision, completed in January 2026, reflects updated evidence, accumulated practical experience, and evolving international standards. These recommendations define minimum requirements for case documentation, clinical and radiological examination, method selection, use of population-appropriate reference data, uncertainty estimation, and reporting practices. Particular emphasis is placed on transparency, quality assurance, protection of individual rights, and the legal implications associated with age thresholds, especially the determination of minority or majority. The revised recommendations are intended to serve as an international reference framework for dental age assessment in living individuals, to be adapted and integrated into national legal and regulatory systems in accordance with jurisdiction-specific requirements.</p>","PeriodicalId":35728,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology","volume":"44 1","pages":"2-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13248835/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148144789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}