{"title":"Worst cases for correct rounding of the elementary functions in double precision","authors":"V. Lefèvre, J. Muller","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930110","url":null,"abstract":"We give the results of a four-year search for the worst cases for correct rounding of the major elementary functions in double precision. These results allow the design of reasonably fast routines that will compute these functions with correct rounding, at least in some interval, for any of the four rounding modes specified by the IEEE-754 standard. They will also allow one to easily test libraries that are claimed to provide correctly rounded functions.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130082531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On-line arithmetic for detection in digital communication receivers","authors":"S. Rajagopal, Joseph R. Cavallaro","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930127","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates the advantages of using online arithmetic for traditional and advanced detection algorithms for communication systems. Detection is one of the core computationally-intensive physical layer operations in a communication receiver and determines the communication data rates. Detection algorithms typically involve hard decisions (sign based testing) to find the sign of the transmitted information bit. This results in extraneous computations in a conventional number system as the sign is obtained only at the end due to the least significant digit first (LSDF) nature of computations. Online arithmetic, based on a signed digit number representation, provides most significant digit first (MSDF) computation. Hence, the computations can stop after the first non-zero MSD (sign) is computed and additional computations for the successive digits can be avoided. Back-conversion to a conventional number system is not required as the sign of the digit represents the detected bit. A comparison of a radix-4 serial digit on-line multiuser detector with an 8-bit parallel conventional arithmetic multiuser detector shows a decrease in latency by 1.79X, a 3X increase in throughput, and possible savings in area.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134591095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"In order issue out-of-order execution floating-point coprocessor for CalmRISC32","authors":"C. Jeong, W. Park, T. Han, M. Lee, Sang-Woo Kim","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930119","url":null,"abstract":"The CalmRISC32 FPU (Floating-Point Unit) is a RISC coprocessor for embedded system applications. It supports IEEE-754 standard single precision floating-point addition, floating-point subtraction, floating-point multiplication, floating-point division, format conversion, comparison, rounding, load, store, etc. It also supports four rounding modes, and precise exception. It can execute and complete instructions out of order, if constraints such as data dependency, resource conflict, and exception prediction are resolved. Standard cell-base design techniques were used to reduce design time and expense. The first prototype operated at approximately 70 MHz with the worst-case delay in gate level simulation.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123997407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K'Andrea C. Bickerstaff, E. Swartzlander, M. Schulte
{"title":"Analysis of column compression multipliers","authors":"K'Andrea C. Bickerstaff, E. Swartzlander, M. Schulte","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930101","url":null,"abstract":"Column compression multipliers are frequently used in high-performance computer systems due to their short worst case delay. This paper examines the area, delay, and power characteristics of Dadda (1965) and Wallace (1964) column compression multipliers in deep submicron technology. Our analysis shows that Wallace multipliers have slightly more area and approximately the same worst case delay as Dadda multipliers. It also shows the importance of considering parasitic capacitances when determining the delay of column compression multipliers, since parasitics can increase the delay of the multiplier by over 60%. As multiplier size increases, the ratio of power to area also increases, due to longer interconnect lines and increased glitching.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126091085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Some improvements on multipartite table methods","authors":"F. D. Dinechin, A. Tisserand","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930112","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an unified view of most previous table-lookup-and-addition methods: bipartite tables, SBTM, STAM and multipartite methods. This new definition allows a more accurate computation of the error entailed by these methods. Being more general, it also allows an exhaustive design space exploration which has been implemented, and leads to tables smaller than previously published ones by up to 50%. Some results have been synthesised for Virtex FPGAs, and are discussed.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116670486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improved table lookup algorithms for postscaled division","authors":"D. Matula","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930109","url":null,"abstract":"Postscaled division is a non-iterative algorithm delivering a quotient of single precision accuracy by the three term product (xy/spl circ/)c and of double precision accuracy by the formula [(xy/spl circ/)c][2-(yy/spl circ/)c]. Here x is the dividend, y/spl circ/ is a low order part complemented form of the divisor y, and c is a table lookup value approximating a \"reciprocal function\" 1/(yy/spl circ/) to a precision of over 27 bits. Table lookup latency is hidden by performing the lookup in parallel with the first multiplication (xy/spl circ/), with the second multiplication the \"postscaling\" by the lookup function value. Our contribution is the description of two new lookup algorithms for approximating the reciprocal function 1/yy/spl circ/ to high accuracy in fewer cycles than a typical floating point multiply latency. Our indirect bipartite lookup procedure has a latency of two successive lookups followed by a small integer addition. This first algorithm generates a 27 bit approximation of 1/yy/spl circ/ with total table size about 5 Kbytes. Our second lookup algorithm generates a 34 bit approximation with latency determined by 11 and 12 bit table lookups and a 4-1 addition. This second approximation employs some 20 Kbytes of tables to allow for a double extended precision division result in the same number of cycles as a double precision result.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134024377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A hardware algorithm for computing reciprocal square root","authors":"N. Takagi","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930108","url":null,"abstract":"A hardware algorithm for computing the reciprocal square root which appears frequently in multimedia and graphics applications is proposed. The reciprocal square root is computed by iteration of carry-propagation-free additions, shifts, and multiplications by one digit. Different specific versions of the algorithm are possible, depending on the radix, the redundancy factor of the digit set, etc. Each version of the algorithm can be implemented as a sequential (folded) circuit or a combinational (unfolded) circuit, which has a regular array structure suitable for VLSI.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"154 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120890985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the design of fast IEEE floating-point adders","authors":"P. Seidel, G. Even","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930118","url":null,"abstract":"We present an IEEE floating-point adder (FP-adder) design. The adder accepts normalized numbers, supports all four IEEE rounding modes, and outputs the correctly normalized rounded sum/difference in the format required by the IEEE standard. The latency of the design for double precision is roughly 24 logic levels, not including delays of latches between pipeline stages. Moreover, the design can be easily partitioned into 2 stages consisting of 12 logic levels each, and hence, can be used with clock periods that allow for 12 logic levels between latches. The FP-adder design achieves low latency by combining various optimization techniques such as: a non-standard separation into two paths, a simple rounding algorithm, unifying rounding cases for addition and subtraction, sign-magnitude computation of a difference based on complement subtraction, compound adders, and fast circuits for approximate counting of leading zeros from borrow-save representation. A comparison of our design with other implementations suggests a reduction in the latency by at least two logic levels as well as simplified rounding implementation. A reduced precision version of our algorithm has been verified by exhaustive testing.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134620739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bounds on runs of zeros and ones for algebraic functions","authors":"T. Lang, J. Muller","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930099","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents upper bounds on the number of zeros and of ones after the rounding bit for algebraic functions. These functions include reciprocal, division, square root, and reciprocal square root, which have been considered in previous work. We propose simpler proofs for the previously given bounds and generalize to all algebraic functions. We also determine cases for which the bound is achieved for square root. As is mentioned in the previous work, these bounds are useful for determining the precision required in the computation of approximations in order to be able to perform correct rounding. We consider rounding to nearest, but the results can be easily extended to other rounding modes.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129945953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Algorithms for quad-double precision floating point arithmetic","authors":"Yozo Hida, X. Li, D. Bailey","doi":"10.1109/ARITH.2001.930115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ARITH.2001.930115","url":null,"abstract":"A quad-double number is an unevaluated sum of four IEEE double precision numbers, capable of representing at least 212 bits of significand. We present the algorithms for various arithmetic operations (including the four basic operations and various algebraic and transcendental operations) on quad-double numbers. The performance of the algorithms, implemented in C++, is also presented.","PeriodicalId":356830,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 15th IEEE Symposium on Computer Arithmetic. ARITH-15 2001","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115010467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}