The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0003
Fulong Wu, Z. Wang
{"title":"Moral Order in the Post-Socialist Chinese City","authors":"Fulong Wu, Z. Wang","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The seminal works by Park and the Chicago school of sociology are of great value for studying a rapidly urbanising China characterised by the decline of the formerly socialist structure and the increasing commodification of services and housing. Their assertion that the industrial organisation of cities has substituted primary and neighbourhood relations with secondary relations characterised by anonymity and utilitarianism also resonates with the rising middle-class population in China. However, our chapter contends that certain population groups have not followed the trajectory of change described by Park but instead continue to rely on primary and local social relations due to interventions of the Chinese state. Our argument is supported by a discussion on the varying social relations in Chinese urban neighbourhoods and specifically on the social life of rural migrants in the urban Chinese society.","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"9 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127295057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0007
M. O'donnell
{"title":"The Handshake 302 Village Hack Residency","authors":"M. O'donnell","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Through a comparison of how assimilation and shying (adaptation) have functioned as values in Chicago and Shenzhen, respectively this paper explores what it has meant for these two cities to self-identify as destination cities that owe their morphology and ethos to immigrants and migrants. The argument is developed through a case study of the Handshake 302 Village Hack Residency. Located in one of Shenzhen’s most iconic urban villages, the Handshake 302 project aims to draw attention to ongoing demolition and redevelopment of these arrival spaces.","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126614653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0004
B. Wissink
{"title":"Learning from Chicago (and LA)?","authors":"B. Wissink","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter questions the contemporary relevance of Western urban theory for China. It argues that urban theory generally prioritises time over space, stressing the universal character of urban transformation in different places. Meanwhile Western cities are presented as prototypes of this transformation. Human ecology, for instance presented Chicago as model of modern urbanism, while the L.A. School of urbanism sees Los Angeles as the epitome of the post-modern period. Debunking the underlying assumption of singular urban logics and development trajectories, the chapter then takes inspiration from modes of theorising that focus on the localisation of global developments in specific cities and develop related localised conceptualisations. It employs this perspective to reflect on the urban China literature. Acknowledging that this literature has come a long way in a short time, it suggests that urban China research borrows concepts from the Western urban studies literature with ease, but that comparisons at the same time are short-circuited with reference to Chinese ‘exceptionalism’. This is mirrored in a remarkable underrepresentation of Chinese urban scholars in the comparative urbanism discussion. Research into Chinese ‘gated communities’ is then presented as illustration. The chapter concludes that there is considerable scope for conceptual renewal, which would benefit both urban China research and the urban studies literature in general.","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125191095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0006
J. Nijman
{"title":"Urbanization and Economic Development:","authors":"J. Nijman","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This essay uses Robert Park’s The City as an inspiration for a comparison of urban America around 1915 with urban China a hundred years later. The focus is not so much on the social fabric of the city but rather on a comparison of the process of urbanization in relation to economic development in the US and China in their respective historical contexts. It is suggested that both American writings in urban studies in the early 20th century and Chinese writings in the early 21st century are decidedly inward-looking. In both instances, there was a strong correlation between urbanization and industrialization, but the paths start to diverge in terms of the effects of deindustrialization and the timing of the emergence of the digital economy. Demographically, too, there are important differences that suggest further divergence in the urban experience of China and the United States in the years ahead.","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124825751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0010
Zhigang Li, Shunxian Ou, Rong Wu
{"title":"A Study of Socio-spatial Segregation of Rural Migrants in Shenzhen","authors":"Zhigang Li, Shunxian Ou, Rong Wu","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"To decode cities, Robert Park brought two issues into consideration, segregation and migration, which are also key to understanding the Global South cities today, such as Shenzhen, the laboratory of post-reform China. Similar to Chicago, Shenzhen is a well-known prospering ‘migrant city’, where we identified marked sociospatial segregation of rural migrants. Unlike Chicago, however, the segregation of migrants in Shenzhen is largely determined by some institutional factors such as hukou system, the urban and rural dualism, and its ‘world factory’ regime. Moreover, through the examination of Shenzhen’s Foxconn complex, we identified some difficulties encountered by migrants in integrating into Shenzhen or returning to their hometowns, that is, becoming either urbanities or returnees. Rural migrants have been stuck in a specific status of in- between urban and rural. This supports the argument of Park who stated that the city is a ‘psychophysical mechanism’, in which physical space and human sentiments interact. From Chicago in 1916 to Shenzhen in 2016, the segregation of migrants is still a major challenge for cities to address.","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128887078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781529205473.003.0005
R. Forrest
{"title":"From Chicago to Shenzhen, via Birmingham","authors":"R. Forrest","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781529205473.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205473.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The ownership of residential property has always been a focus for urban conflict and a key source of advantage and disadvantage-in terms of location and social status. Park`s Chicago was a city conceived of as having a hierarchy of housing situations with a distinct spatial pattern. Rex and Moore`s Birmingham of the 1960s developed these ideas through a Weberian conception of housing classes and greater attention to institutional gatekeepers. This chapter argues that their argument that the competition for housing contributes to a particular form of social stratification finds new resonance in the contemporary Chinese city. The narrative traverses over a century in considering the ways in which the competition for housing in cities of migrants involves common processes but also quite distinct experiences and outcomes. Over space and time, the meaning of home ownership has changed as has the nature and role of zones of transition for migrants and those on the social margins. The ownership of residential property has always been a focus for urban conflict and a key source of advantage and disadvantage-in terms of location and social status. Park`s Chicago was a city conceived of as having a hierarchy of housing situations with a distinct spatial pattern. Rex and Moore`s Birmingham of the 1960s developed these ideas through a Weberian conception of housing classes and greater attention to institutional gatekeepers. This chapter argues that their argument that the competition for housing contributes to a particular form of social stratification finds new resonance in the contemporary Chinese city. The narrative traverses over a century in considering the ways in which the competition for housing in cities of migrants involves common processes but also quite distinct experiences and outcomes. Over space and time, the meaning of home ownership has changed as has the nature and role of zones of transition for migrants and those on the social margins.","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122106743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0009
Juan Chen, Shenghua Xie
{"title":"Pathways to Urban Residency and Subjective Well-Being in Beijing","authors":"Juan Chen, Shenghua Xie","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Size of population, sources of population, and distribution of population within the city, according to Park, are the first things we should establish when studying a city. During the past 30 years, the composition of China’s urban population has changed considerably. While studies have focused intensively on migrants who leave rural areas to work in urban centres, this chapter draws attention to a number of other modes of migration also occurring on a major scale in China, including those of urban-to-urban migrants from townships and small cities to large metropolises and in-situ urbanized rural residents who became urbanites because their land was reclassified as urban. Based on two waves of a household survey undertaken in Beijing in 2013 and 2015, our study highlights the effects of the divergent pathways to urban residency on individuals’ subjective well-being.","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123841453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0011
T. Lui, Shuo Liu
{"title":"The Anxious Middle Class of Urban China","authors":"T. Lui, Shuo Liu","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most notable features of urbanization in China in the past two decades is the rise of an urban middle class. From the proliferation of nightlife entertainment in urban hot spots to the consumption of luxurious items and/or foreign brands, the drastic increase in car ownership to the growth of gated communities, cityscape in contemporary China has undergone drastic changes in the course of urbanization and socio-economic re-stratification. The rise of a newly formed middle class in the major cities is both an agent in shaping the changing cityscape and an outcome of current urban development. This chapter, drawing upon the authors’ observations conducted in a suburban middle-classcommunity in Beijing in 2007-2017 and the study of the middle class in Shanghai since the mid-1990s, reports on the emergence and formation of an urban middle class in contemporary Chinese cities. It is argued that this middle class came into existence when China’s economy was marketized and the social structure had undergone a major transformation as a result of such economic changes. Within a period of 20-25 years, there witnessed the birth of a middle class in the context of the transition to a post-socialist economy, the formation of new class identities and lifestyles, and growing class-related anxieties. Our discussion covers the formation of this urban middle class, its social and cultural outlooks, and an analysis of how their class interests shape the social landscape of the Chinese cities.","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123735073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0008
J. Kloet
{"title":"Beijing Ring Roads and the Poetics of Excess and Ordinariness","authors":"J. Kloet","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"“The city,” so does Park argue, “shows the good and evil in human nature in excess.” Which inspires him to read the city as a laboratory to study human behaviour. In my chapter I connect the notion of excess to the significance of the ring roads in Beijing. Beijing is an excessive city par excellence, too big, too polluted, too crowded, too ugly, and changing too fast, making one lose his way time and again. The ring roads function as a symbolic device to keep a sense of control over this excess; they help to locate people and places, they function as the highway in the centre, and they create the mental map of the city. How do Beijing citizens relate to the ring roads? And how do art and popular culture help reimagine the ringroads and contain or parody the excessiveness of Beijing?","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126018769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The City In ChinaPub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0001
Xuefei Ren
{"title":"Robert Park in China","authors":"Xuefei Ren","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529205473.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"The Chicago School of urban sociology was not only influential in the U.S., but also instrumental for introducing sociology to China in the early 20th century. Drawing upon archival materials from the University of Chicago’s special collection, this chapter examines Robert Park’s connections to China in the 1930s and highlights the pivotal role of the Chicago School in the education of the first generation of Chinese sociologists. The chapter argues that there is still much to be learned from the Chicago School, such as its effort to formulate a reflective research agenda in The City (1925), and Robert Park’s gesture of comparing cities across time and places. It suggests reviving Park’s comparative spirit and engaging comparison in the next course of urban China studies.","PeriodicalId":355466,"journal":{"name":"The City In China","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129017043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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