Asian Journal of Research in Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Toxic Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Plants Leaves on the Mortality and Enzymatic Parameters of Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) Juveniles","authors":"D. Oboho, R. Essien, E. O. Mbong, H. Akpan, A. U. Nelson, B. Ononye, U. John, Joseph Effiong Eyo","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i2106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i2106","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the effect of leaves extract of three botanicals on the biochemical parameters of insect pest of stored beans, Callosobruchus maculatus. The results of the qualitative phytochemicals revealed the presence of different metabolites such as tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids etc. The toxic effect of methanolic leaves extracts of Lasianthera africana, Hippocratea africana and Uvaria chamae on the mortality and biochemical parameters after treatment against C. maculatus was evaluated. The result showed that treatment of the insects with these extracts significantly increased mortality in C. maculatus. There was a significant inhibition of the enzymatic activities of the digestive enzymes (such as amylase and invertase) in the treated larvae. The transaminase enzymes (AST and ALT) were found to be reduced in the insect after treatment (33.2 and 42.6) while the result of the phosphatase (ACP and ALP) enzyme activity  showed a potent inhibitory effect of the leaves extract, which was more pronounced in ALP (75.8%) than ACP (31.8%).","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121248969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic Relationship of Some Species of Genus Junonia Butterfly Using RAPD","authors":"Pankaj Singh","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1105","url":null,"abstract":"The present investigation was carried out to find out similarities and diversities between four species of the genus Junonia belonging to Nymphalidae, the largest family of butterflies. The genomic DNA eluded from the species, J. lemonias, J. alamana, J. hierta and J. orithiya were screened by nine universal primers OPA-1, OPA-2, OPA-3, OPA-4, OPA-5, OPP-9, OPP-18, OPN-17, OPN-16 through RAPD - PCR. Primer OPN-17 did not produce any bands, whereas, the discrete banding pattern was observed in the remaining 8 primers. Primer OPP-18 distinctly highlights only species-specific bands ranging below 200 base pairs. Primer OPA-2 that produced significant banding patterns was taken into consideration for further analysis. The dendrogram was constructed by using binary data interpreted from the RAPD gel image. Two clades were obtained, where in one clade taxa J. hierta and J. lemonias cluster as sister taxa, and in the other clade taxa J. alamana and J. orithiya cluster as sister taxa. The investigation was supported by the Jaccard similarity and distance indices matrix and Principal component analysis. The interpretation from obtained dendrogram and distance matrix reveals that there is closeness within two species in their genetic makeup, whereas some genetic characters are expressed as species-specific. Henceforth, these patterns produced by respective primers can be considered as diagnostic bands and may contribute to molecular markers for Junonia species identification. Thus, in related evolutionary studies whenever be under investigation these markers will play a pivotal role in concluding the direction of evolution.","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130739850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of the Golden Liquid from Honeybees and Refined Granulated Sugar on the Blood Glucose and Serum Iron Levels of Albino Rats","authors":"B. Ononye, C. T. Udeagulu, C. E. Akunne, K. C. Onyewuchi, K. C. Mbelede, C. A. Chidi, O. C. Ekwebene, F. Akubukor, K. P. Okafor, I. Offorbuike, S. E. Ayaegbunam, I. E. Obiefule","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1104","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the effect of the golden liquid from honeybees (natural honey) and refined granulated sugar on the blood glucose and serum iron levels of Wistar albino rats. The experimental animals used in this study were grouped into five treatments based on the dose of natural honey and refined granulated sugar administered namely: T1 (1.02 g of honey /kg BW), T2 (1.40g of honey /kg BW), T3 (1.02 g of refined granulated sugar /kg BW), T4 (1.40g of refined granulated sugar /kg BW) while rats in T5 not administered with honey and refined granulated sugar served as the control. The blood glucose concentration of the albino rats was measured using the glucose strips with glucometer while the serum iron analysis was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result revealed that the mean blood glucose level of the rats was highest in T3 (112.95mg/dl), followed by T5 (92.20mg/dl) while the least value was recorded in T2 (74.86mg/dl).  There was significant difference in the blood glucose levels of albino rats orally administered natural honey and refined granulated sugar at varying levels (P<0.05). The result also showed that the mean blood glucose level of the albino rats was significantly different at week 2 and week 3 (P<0.05). The highest serum iron level was recorded in T5 (1.31ppm) followed by T2 (1.22± 0.115 ppm), while the least serum iron level was recorded in T1 (0.88ppm). However, there were no significant differences in the serum iron levels of the albino rats (p>0.05) among treatments. The use of natural honey is recommended since, albino rats orally administered honey at varying doses had lower blood glucose level than those given refined granulated sugar.","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131835529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Hive Cover Modifications and Ambient Microclimate on Colonization of African Honeybees in Awka, Nigeria","authors":"B. Ononye, C. E. Akunne, I. Edeh, T. E. Okeke, E. E. Ekejiuba, C. A. Chidi, K. P. Okafor, V. Offor, E. I. Azaka, C. F. Chude","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1103","url":null,"abstract":"Poor colonization of hives by African honeybees is one of the constraints facing the beekeeping sector. This study aimed to determine the influence of some hive cover modifications on the colonization of African honeybees in Awka. The hive covers of top bar hives were modified by insulating them with different materials and grouped into four treatments, namely: T1 (plywood), T2 (warped boards), T3 (polyvinyl chloride ceiling material), and T4 (foam). At various months, data on the ambient microclimate (temperature and relative humidity) and the number of hives colonized per treatment were collected. The colonization rate was highest in treatment 1 (100%), followed by treatment 2 (33.33%) while treatments 3 and 4 (0.00%) had the least. Hive treatments did not significantly affect the colonization of honeybees (p = 0.09). Treatment 1 colonized in the months of July, October, and November, while that of Treatment 2 occurred in December. Months had significant effect on the mean colonization of African honeybees (p<0.05). The mean colonization of hives and ambient temperature had a negative correlation while there was a positive correlation between the mean colonization of hives and ambient relative humidity. Hive covers insulated with ply wood were recommended since they achieved earlier colonization than other treatments.","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122239102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relative Abundance, Distribution, and Diversity of Mosquitoes in District Peshawar, Charsadda, and Swabi","authors":"Soneela Azim, Sadia Nawab, Naima Ali","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1102","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To date, there are 3601 named mosquito species recognized worldwide representing the diverse and medically important fly family Culicidae. In this study, after collection and identification of mosquitoes from the study area, their diversity, relative abundance (RA), and distribution (C) were evaluated for the prevention of mosquito-borne diseases. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Mosquitoes in their immature and adult stages were collected from their habitats in district Peshawar, Charsadda, and Swabi from September 2021 till April 2022. \u0000Study Design: The immature samples were collected from various places such as pots, small water containers, bushy places under trees, and from the edges of some open drains. While the adult mosquitoes were collected during the same period by using the light trap and Pyrethrum spray methods for outdoor and indoor environment, respectively. \u0000Methodology: 252 and 295 mosquitoes in their larval and pupal, and adult stages, respectively, were collected and brought to the laboratory for rearing and were observed on daily basis. All the adult specimens were preserved using silica gel in test tubes. The specimens were kept in entomological boxes after rearing and preservation for identification. Taxonomic identification of the adult mosquitoes was made using the key provided in the fauna of British India. \u0000Results: The identification showed the presence of four species belonging to three genera: Culex quinquefasciatus; Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus; and Armigeres subalbatus. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant specie found at all the study sites (C=100% and RA=44.24%), while Armigeres subalbatus was found to be an infrequent specie (C=25% and RA=20.66%). Several indices were also calculated to find out the diversity of the mosquitoes. The Shannon-Weiner index (H) for the month of April and December are 1.32 and 0.60, respectively, representing highest and lowest diversities among the study period. \u0000Conclusion: The study found that Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus are the most prevalent species in the study area and their presence increases the risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as West Nile virus, Filariasis, and Japanese Encephalitis transmission in the area. The study suggests further research to examine the diversity of mosquitoes more thoroughly to design effective vector control strategies and predict the risk of future disease outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115181004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Schizochytrium sp. on the Growth and Health of Fish","authors":"Dian Yuni Pratiwi, I. Zidni","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2023/v6i1101","url":null,"abstract":"The rapidly expanding aquaculture sector of the worldwide fisheries industry is mostly due to fish feed. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are good for fish health and growth, are mostly found in fish oil. However, the cost of fish oil is increasing while its production is declining. Aquaculture can be maintained with the use of alternate aquafeeds. Due to their quick growth, aquatic protists have a lot of potential as a source of omega-3 oil. Schizochytrium sp. can be used to substitute fish oil in aquafeed due to its high lipid and DHA content, according to numerous research. The purpose of this review is to determine the effects of utilizing Schizochytrium sp. in fish feed on fish growth and health. The nutritional value and optimal dosage of Schizochytrium sp. for various fish sizes are discussed. The optimal concentration of Schizochytrium sp. varies by species and can replace fish oil in the range of 20–80%. Several studies found that replacing fish oil in fish food with Schizochytrium sp. made the fish grow faster, live longer, gain weight, and eat more food. In the future, Schizochytrium sp. and several types of marine protists have the potential to serve as alternative sources that can replace fish oil in fish feed.","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127393495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modern Method of Commercial Embalming of Poisoned Decomposing Carcasses in Nigeria","authors":"D. Onyejike, D. Akukwu, I. Onyejike, Somadina Nnamdi Okeke, A. Agulanna","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2022/v5i4100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2022/v5i4100","url":null,"abstract":"Certain poisons speed-up the rate of decomposition of carcasses, and this has become a cause of concern to embalmers because of the difficulty in embalming such carcasses. Therefore, a suitable modern embalming method has been discussed in this study in order to abate, slow and even halt further decomposition of bodies as a result of poisoning. The study was carried out to validate the effectiveness of an embalming mixture containing formalin, methanol and water on early decomposing poisoned bodies. Four domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) were used for this experiment. Animals were sacrificed and allowed to reach the early stage of decomposition before embalmment. Arterial embalming technique was employed which was supplemented by hypodermic embalming technique. A Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the outcome of embalming and the independent variables such as volume of embalming fluid, humidity, room temperature, atmospheric temperature, and duration of embalming. The visible post embalming changes showed that decomposition was arrested on the eighth day, which was followed by mummification of the animals. The Pearson correlation analysis showed a statistically significant strong positive correlation between outcome of embalming and duration of embalming; a statistically significant moderate negative correlation with volume of embalming fluid; and a statistically significant moderate negative correlation with room temperature. An embalming mixture containing formalin, methanol and water in equal proportion is suitable for arresting early decomposition of poisoned bodies using arterial and hypodermic embalming techniques.","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123750889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Larvicidal Activities of Merremia dissecta (Jacquin) Hallier f. and Peltrophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex k. Heyne Leaves against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"G. Sabareeshwari, S. Jagathiskumar, D. Sowmiya, K. Preesha, M. Saranya, R. S. Mohanraj","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2022/v5i499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2022/v5i499","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika. The burden of these diseases is typically highest in tropical and subtropical areas, affecting the most impoverished populations. This laboratory study accessed the larvicidal and pupicidal activities of ethanol, methanol, acetone leaf extracts of Merremia dissecta and Peltrophorum pterocarpum against the Ae. aegypti. \u0000Study Design: Conventional bioassay. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Department of Zoology, Government Arts College, Coimbatore – 641018, Tamil Nadu, India, between July 2021 July 2022. \u0000Methodology: Larvae and pupae were exposed to various concentrations of plant leaf extracts for 24 hrs. at the laboratory. The probit analyses were used to analyze the data. \u0000Results: Results revealed that the plant extracts recorded the highest larval mortality at 0.421% and 0.634% ethanol, acetone leaf extracts of M. dissecta; 0.713%. and 0.621% methanol and ethanol leaf extract of P. pterocarpum against fourth instar of Ae. aegypti after 24 hrs. \u0000Conclusion: The results suggest that this plant extracts can be used as an good larvicidal and pupicide against the dengue and zika virus vector Ae. aegypti.","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115734468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxidative Stress Potential, Genotoxic and Histopathological Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Alternanthera philoxeroides on Clarias gariepinus (Cat Fish)","authors":"O. O. Ashade, Rasaq A. Ladigbolu, Abisola H. Okubanjo, Ayomide E. Akanbi","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2022/v5i498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2022/v5i498","url":null,"abstract":"This study used static bioassay to evaluate oxidative and genotoxic effect caused by ethanolic extract of A. philoxeroides in the liver of C. gariepinus as well as the Histopathological damages caused by the extract on the liver, gills and intestine of the fish. LC50 of the ethanolic extract of A. philoxeroides was determined by probit regression analysis. Fishes were exposed to the sublethal concentration of the extract at the rate of 1% and 10% concentration of the LC50 value in replicate for 21days. During the cause of exposure the fishes exhibited some behavioral changes such as erratic swimming pattern, restlessness and excessive mucus secretion. The oxidative stress study revealed that antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in the liver suggesting deficiency of the antioxidant system to compensate for oxidative stress. DNA damage was high in liver of the exposed fish indicating genotoxic effects. The histological structure of the liver of the fish showed the presence of traces to mild onset of nuclei degeneration. The gills of fish exposed to the extract showed severe collapse of the secondary lamella in conjunction with hyperplasia of the pillar cells within the lamella as well as severe atrophy of the cells, degeneration of the primary lamella and severe cellular and structural damages of the gills. The intestine of the fish group exposed to the extract revealed a small amount of PAS-positively stained substances in the lamina propria, mucus cells and the apical borders of the epithelial cells showing the presence of mucous substances. This study concluded that exposure of C. gariepinus to ethanolic extract of Alternanthera philoxeroides have the ability to negatively affect the behavior, suppress the activities of major antioxidant enzymes of the liver thereby causing oxidative stress, with consequent degeneration of liver and gill tissue which expresses its genotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126423385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antifeedant and Insecticidal Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Vitex negundo (L) against Cotton Leafworm Spodoptera litura (Fab.)","authors":"V. Shewale, P. Khairmode, S. T. Lawand, V. Netam, A. Bhosale","doi":"10.9734/ajriz/2022/v5i497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2022/v5i497","url":null,"abstract":"Spodoptera litura, commonly knows as cotton leafworm, is a serious polyphagous pest causing damage to more than 150 species of host plants and it is distributed throughout the tropical and sub- tropical regions of the world including India, Japan, China and South East Asia. The chemical pesticides affect the non- target organisms and human beings, directly or indirectly. To find environmentally safe alternative there is need of considering the pesticides of biological origin to replace synthetic pesticides. Anti-insect activity check of plant extract can play important role in ecofriendly control of insect pest. Spodoptera litura is a dangerous polyphagous pest. The present work aimed to identify a natural alternative to chemical pesticides for the control of insect pests by examining a variety of factors, including larval weight, duration, antifeedant activity, and mortality. Maximum larval mortality (10.30%) was noted in Vitex negundo chloroform extract. The larval duration is much longer in the Vitex negundo chloroform and methanol extracts (10.23 days and 10.56 days, respectively) as compared to the control group. The Vitex negundo chloroform extract (59.42%) andacetone (37.68%) have the strongest antifeedant effects. In comparison to the control, the larval weight was significantly reduced in the Vitex negundo chloroform (0.391 gm), acetone (0.401 gm), and methanol extract (0.420 gm) extracts (0.621 gms).","PeriodicalId":355136,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research in Zoology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114543209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}