2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)最新文献

{"title":"Extended GPS/Acoustic geodetic observation near the Japan trench axis for the study of the giant 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake","authors":"H. Fujimoto, M. Kido, T. Iinuma, Y. Osada, J. Yamamoto, K. Tadokoro, M. Sato","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519852","url":null,"abstract":"GPS/Acoustic seafloor geodetic observation played a key role to estimate the slip distribution of the 2011 giant Tohoku-oki earthquake. After the event, seismic coupling near the trench axis has been a focus to understand how such a huge earthquake occurs in a subduction zone. Observation of postseimic deformation is another and urgent task required in the Japan Trench. In order to realize these observations, we have newly installed 20 GPS/A observation sites extending some 400 km along the Japan Trench in September 2012. Precision acoustic transponders were newly developed to cope with the following three requirements: (1) observation on the deep seafloor, (2) compatibility among three institutions in Japan, and (3) observation for ten years.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116798179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery and characterization of a new hydrothermal vent based on magnetic and acoustic surveys","authors":"K. Okino, K. Nakamura, Y. Nogi, M. Fujii, N. Mochizuki, M. Asada, C. Honsho","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519827","url":null,"abstract":"A new hydrothermal vent site in the southern Mariana Trough has been discovered using acoustic and magnetic surveys. Two stage surveys by the autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Urashima (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC) and the manned submersible Shinkai 6500 (JAMSTEC) were conducted in 2009 and 2010, respectively. In the first stage, we detected a clear magnetization low that extends from a previously known hydrothermal vent site, the Pika site, by using a vector magnetometer attached to the AUV. The acoustic signals suggest the presence of hydrothermal plumes emanating from the seafloor within the water column of the 120kHz side scan sonogram; 10 m scale chimney like structures in the 400-kHz multibeam bathymetry data were also detected in the area of low magnetization. These observations strongly suggest the presence of an unseen hydrothermal vent. The subsequent submersible dive discovered a new vent site, which was named the Urashima site [1]. The calculated absolute magnetization using the submersible-attached magnetometer succeeded in estimating the extent of hydrothermally altered zone for both the Pika and Urashima sites. It should be emphasized that the search for a hydrothermal vent site was a direct consequence of the geophysical surveys undertaken in the first stage. Our method can bridge the gap between conventional hydrothermal plume surveys (resolution on a scale of 103 m) and visual/photographic surveys (resolution on a scale of 100 m) and can precisely delineate the hydrothermally altered zone.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121750259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges to drill through seismogenic zone","authors":"M. Kyo","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519908","url":null,"abstract":"The deep sea riser drilling vessel, CHIKYU started its scientific operation from 2007 after completed the shakedown and training cruises. It is capable of riser drilling up to 7,000m deep below sea floor at 2,500 water depth and aims to the seismogenic zone and mantle in the future. CHIKYU explores the Earth interior as the first riser equipped scientific drilling platform of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, to contribute such important scientific program as the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment, the Deep Hot Biosphere, the Japan Trench Fast Drilling, and the Deep Coal bed Biosphere off Shimokita. Any of these expeditions involve technological and operational difficulties related to strong current, high wave, strong wind, deep water, and deep penetration. This paper describes some topics of technological challenges for these expeditions.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122139211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of two underwater imaging apparatuses for suspended particulate matter","authors":"T. Akiba, Y. Tanaka","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519883","url":null,"abstract":"Here we present two apparatuses to measure the size and shape of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in situ. Target size of the SPM ranges from several micrometers to several millimeters. For some groups of SPM within the size range, we can identify “what they are” when we know their shapes. Imaging of SMP is useful. The first one of the two apparatuses is a cost-effective microscope equipped with a commercially available camcorder. Advantage of this apparatus is that we can measure for a relatively long time (for example eight hours). Another one is a digital holographic imaging system, whose depth in focus is more than a hundred times wider than that of conventional microscopes, enabling us to know the distances between individual particles. In other words, by use of digital holographic imaging system, we can measure the microscopic distribution of SPM. With these imaging apparatuses, continuous imaging of SPM has become feasible, allowing us to know the SPM's spatial distribution and its temporal change. Note that since these apparatuses have been developed to the spatial distributions of zooplankton, for the lighting was adapted infrared radiation to avoid an artificial increase of abundance due to photo taxis.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123897558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Terrain-adaptive optimal guidance for near-bottom survey by an autonomous underwater vehicle","authors":"Kangsoo Kim, T. Ura","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519847","url":null,"abstract":"An optimal guidance strategy for an autonomous underwater vehicle dive specified to a near-bottom survey over an uneven seafloor topography is presented. Major objective of the optimal guidance is letting the longitudinal vehicle attitude follow the along-track gradient of the seafloor throughout the near-bottom survey dive. The proposed method derives depth sequence corresponding to waypoints predefined in a horizontal plane, combined set of which defines the 3-dimentional trackline for the optimal near-bottom survey. A supervised learning approach based on gradient descent search algorithm is employed in deriving the optimal depth sequence. Iterative simulations of vehicle's dives driven by the learning algorithm subject to vehicle dynamics and interacting with given seabed topography derive the optimal depth sequence. The bottom gradient-following is an important issue in achieving higher quality sonograph and precise echo-sounding, as well as keeping the reliability of altitudes obtained by an acoustic altimeter. Proposed strategy is applied to near-bottom survey dives performed with a cruising AUV Aqua-Explorer 2000a. Based on the body structure of Aqua-Explorer 2000 originally developed by KDDI for inspecting and monitoring the undersea cables, Aqua-Explorer 2000a was born via full renovation conducted by Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122691798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benthic monitoring with robotic platforms — The experience of Australia","authors":"O. Pizarro, S. Williams, M. Jakuba, M. Johnson-Roberson, I. Mahon, M. Bryson, D. Steinberg, A. Friedman, D. Dansereau, N. Nourani-Vatani, D. Bongiorno, M. Bewley, A. Bender, N. Ashan, B. Douillard","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519909","url":null,"abstract":"Australias Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) has a strategic focus on the impact of major boundary currents on continental shelf environments, ecosystems and biodiversity. To improve our understanding of natural, climate change, and human-induced variability in shelf environments, the IMOS Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) facility has been charged with generating physical and biological observations of benthic variables that cannot be cost-effectively obtained by other means. Starting in 2010, the IMOS AUV facility began collecting precisely navigated benthic imagery using AUVs at selected reference sites on Australias shelf. This observing program capitalizes on the unique capabilities of AUVs that have allowed repeated visits to the reference sites, providing a critical observational link between oceanographic and benthic processes. This paper provides a brief overview of the relevant capabilities of the AUV facility, the design of the IMOS benthic sampling program, and some preliminary results. We also report on some of the challenges and potential benefits to be realized from a benthic observation system that collects several TB of geo-referenced stereo imagery a year. This includes collaborative semi-automated image analysis, clustering and classification, large scale visualization and data mining, and lighting correction for change detection and characterization. We also mention some of the lessons from operating an AUV-based monitoring program and future work in this area.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121447777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Realization of acoustic monitoring of rip currents based on passive reciprocal sound transmissions","authors":"I. Nakano, H. Ishida","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519833","url":null,"abstract":"In order to measure the velocity of rip current, we have developed an acoustic monitoring system consisting of two transducers and several sound reflectors. The two transducers are connected to a modified two-frequency fish-finder which can alternatively transmit and receive the preset sound signals of 50kHz or 200kHz at an interval of several seconds. Sound reflectors were composed of commercial steel rods. The sea trial of this system was carried out in the Uradome Beach in early September 2012. The transducers were placed at a height of 0.5m over the sea floor at a depth of 1m to 1.5m and horizontally separated at a distance of 30m offshore. Six reflectors were placed at a distance of 15m, 30m, 45m, 60m, 75m and 90m along the shoreline. The sound signal of 50 kHz burst waves were transmitted by one transducer and received by the other, and vice versa. The SNR's of the signals through the direct base line and through reflective paths of the 30m, 45m and 60m reflectors were sufficient for the analysis as expected. The preliminary result suggested to be able to reconstruct a current velocity distribution in the beach based on passive reciprocal sound transmissions.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125011815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of science and technology for evolutions of ocean science and natural disaster mitigation","authors":"Y. Kaneda","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519904","url":null,"abstract":"2011 East Japan Earthquake generated unprecedented tsunami damages to Japan. From this severe disaster by mega thrust earthquake, we recognized the importance of off shore real time monitoring. Actually, pressure gauges of Kamaishi ocean floor cable detected large tsunamis at 2011 East Japan earthquake earlier than land tide gauge stations. These facts indicate that off shore real time monitoring systems are quite important and indispensable for tsunami early warning. Around the Nankai trough, as real time monitoring systems, we have already developed and deployed DONET (Dense Oceanfloor Network System for Earthquakes and Tsunamis) and will deploy DONET2 system. Using these ocean floor networks, tsunami early warning system will be improved and become more reliable. DONET and DONET2 are very important and significant for not only contributions to early warning, but also for understandings of crustal activities. Furthermore, offshore real time data is necessary and indispensable for advanced recurrence cycle simulation of mega thrust earthquakes using data assimilation methods. The data assimilation method acts as prediction filters using data and results of simulations. This data assimilation method will be the key research tool for advanced simulation. This data assimilation method requires precise, high quality and stable data from real time monitoring systems. Therefore, DONET, DONET2 have been developed as precise and long term monitoring systems. Finally, integration of science and technology will be the driving force for the ocean science evolutions and natural disaster mitigations.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125075847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some characteristics of bottom pressure sensors of DONET","authors":"H. Matsumoto, E. Araki, K. Kawaguchi, S. Nishida, Y. Kaneda","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519863","url":null,"abstract":"DONET, i.e., the dense ocean-floor network system for earthquakes and tsunamis has started its operation in the Nankai Trough, SW Japan in the early of 2010, and followed by the extension to the westward region as DONET2 in near future. DONET observatory is composed of various sensors such as broadband seismometer, seismic accelerometer, tsunami meter, etc. The present study focuses on bottom pressure sensors being used as tsunami meters measuring hydraulic pressure change. Pressure sensors specify their performance of 0.005 % full scale regarding both hysteresis and repeatability. In the present study, pressure sensors' characteristics have been evaluated by using the JAMSTEC's high accuracy pressure standard before deploying into the deep-sea. The high accuracy pressure standard is mainly customized by a piston gauge, a pressure generator/controller, a reference pressure monitor, and a thermal controlled chamber, which virtually reproduces the deep-sea environment. Firstly, we have confirmed hysteresis and repeatability by applying barometric pressure to the full scale pressure range, i.e., ca. 0 MPa to 68 MPa to the sensors. It has been reproduced that all of pressure sensors perform their specified hysteresis and repeatability. Then, long-term sensors' stabilities have been evaluated by applying static 20 MPa hydraulic pressure, which is equivalent to 2,000 meters water depth under the constant temperature of 2 °C for the duration of approximately one month. As a result, sensors' drift varies among pressure sensors, however, which implies that the gradual drift possibly occurs a few centimeters per month in maximum. We also discuss the sensors' drift after deploying the deep-sea by analyzing the long-term in-situ observations, which shows that it continues at a rate of a few to ten centimeters per year in the early stage, then it tends to be reduced gradually. This paper also reports that the tsunami from the Tohoku earthquake on 11 March 2011 could be observed by DONET with those peak amplitudes of ~20 cm.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128791985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"xFOCE: An open source technology consortium for ocean acidification research","authors":"W. Kirkwood, E. Peltzer, P. Walz, K. Headley, C. Kecy, F. Shane, J. Scholfield, T. O'Reilly, T. Maughan, K. Salamy, P. Brewer","doi":"10.1109/UT.2013.6519808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/UT.2013.6519808","url":null,"abstract":"The Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment (FOCE) concept and systems have been developed by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) as a way of performing comprehensive in situ ocean acidification (OA) seafloor experiments. MBARI funded an early project to test potential technologies for closed loop control of shifting pH associated with addition of acidified sea water, into a natural flow, stream that would manage the considerable lag times associated with the chemical reactions taking place; thus the protoFOCE was born. Later the full-scale deep water (850m depth) FOCE (dpFOCE) was tested with cabled control. We briefly outline the basic issues with OA experiments and describe why systems like FOCE are needed to better understand the impacts of OA. Early OA studies focused directly on the decreasing ability of some animals to form calcium carbonate shells under more acidic conditions. More recent work has focused on behavioral changes in marine species associated with a high CO2 environment. Each of these science studies can now be addressed by controlled in situ field experiments. Early engineering tests were published and soon external interest in the concept heightened. MBARI transferred FOCE technology to researcher working on the Great Barrier Reef. The resulting collaboration created the Coral-Prototype FOCE (cpFOCE) system. cpFOCE directly demonstrated the significant carbonate losses that may be anticipated in our “High CO2 Ocean” future. We also have the European FOCE (eFOCE), a proposal for Antarctic FOCE (antFOCE), and MBARI's own shallow water FOCE (swFOCE) with local collaborators underway. Interest in FOCE systems continues to grow as we've published and presented this capable in situ technology. To support the interested community MBARI engineering and science has developed a new concept. xFOCE is a project to create a generic FOCE reference design and to build the community support structure enabling FOCE technology to be freely available to the OA science community outside of MBARI. Within this paper we outline the technologies behind the xFOCE project and discuss the various elements of the project including decisions and ultimate goals. We also review how xFOCE can be implemented using alternate technologies if the science user chooses to do so. We outline our heavy focus on building a user group of researchers who ultimately will create and direct FOCE projects much the same as the open source software community has done with the GNU General Public License project. The distinction between “open source” and “free” is clearly articulated and we explain why this is important for building an enduring community with common standards for the execution of FOCE experiments.","PeriodicalId":354995,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT)","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115809515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}