International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research最新文献

{"title":"Probabilistic Mechanics of Glass Suggests a Model for COVID-19 Epidemics","authors":"Gabriele Pisano, A. Bonati, G. Carfagni","doi":"10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.33.47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.33.47","url":null,"abstract":": The presented statistical model allows us to identify the degree of development of an epidemic starting from the observation of the number of deaths in the invested region, categorized by the age of the victims. Recognition of which cases are associated with the disease is not necessary, as this results from the comparison with data on deaths in pre-epidemic conditions. The treatment, which has analogies with consolidated models in the stochastic mechanics of brittle materials, allows associating parameters such as the level of epidemic, the probability of developing a pathology, and the age of the victims, with other notions well-known to structural engineers, such as the stress, the dependence from fracture-mechanics of macroscopic strength on material defects, the size-effect. Strong simplifying hypotheses are made; therefore, new comparisons are needed with the actual data, often not organized and difficult to find. However, for the most populated Italian regions, the model shows a good agreement with the theoretical predictions, allowing a quantitative estimate of the epidemic level and the risk assessment based on age. Further studies will show whether the knowledge in material science may be conveniently borrowed in the field of epidemiology and viceversa, to achieve mutual interdisciplinary progress.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"998 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123101405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Multi-Layered Laminated Glass Beams in Lateral-Torsional Buckling","authors":"Gabriel Neves Alves Ferreira","doi":"10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.23.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.23.32","url":null,"abstract":": This article proposes a methodology for the structural design of multi-layered glass beams considering lateral-torsional buckling. The basis is the use of two separate effective thicknesses to determine flexural and torsional rigidities, based respectively on the Enhanced Effective Thickness (EET) and sandwich theory. Analytical formulae are then used to calculate the elastic critical bending moment and a design curve is developed based on numerical results. The proposed methodology yields reliable results for the structural design of glass beams in a wide range of current configurations.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122034755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small Hard Body Impact on Annealed, Heat Strengthened and Fully Tempered Laminated Glass","authors":"F. Veer, T. Romein, Pim Buskermolen","doi":"10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.15.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.15.22","url":null,"abstract":": Neglecting the accidental soccer or golf ball hitting the window of the neighbors in a movie, actual impact on glass is rare. In architecture, the only significant case in the literature is where a fully tempered laminated panel of the New York Apple cube was hit by a small stone launched by a snow blower. Nowadays a lot of glass is used in sound screens next to high ways. These are however subjected to regular impact of small, fast-moving hard bodies. Mostly small stones which are removed from the asphalt road surface due to wear and are launched by car tires. This is a regular occurrence leading to safety questions and also to considerable cost as replacing the sound screen panels not only costs money but also requires closing down at least the outer lane of the highway, thus reducing the traffic flow. Thus a study was made of the impact resistance of annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered laminated glass using test panels. This was followed by the testing of a full-size sound screen panel. The results show that the impact resistance of tempered glass is determined by the amount of compressive surface pre-stress. However, it is also noted that although fully tempered glass better resists impact, it has no residual strength after an impact with the critical energy.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126618272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tests of Glass Insulating Panels with Embedded Laminated Point Connections","authors":"Michaela Zdražilová, Z. Sokol, M. Eliášová","doi":"10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.8.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.8.14","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Michaela Zdražilová Department of Steel and Timber Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Email: michaela.zdrazilova@fsv.cvut.cz Abstract: Embedded laminated point connections represent a progressive way of glass structures connecting. However, detail information about their performance is not available yet and the design procedure is mostly based on experimental work and previous experience of designers. Within an ongoing research at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague, a set of real-scale insulating glass panels with embedded laminated point connections was tested. The goal of the experiment was to determine the load bearing capacity and characteristics of this type of glass panel under short-term and long-term loads. There were three different types of panels used for the experiment. The specimens consisted of different combinations of glass plies (ESG, TVG) and plies of different thicknesses. However, all the specimens were identically sized and there was one embedded steel countersunk bolt liners in each panel’s corner. The laminated glass plies were bonded by two layers of an EVA foil in all cases. During the experiment, all the samples were placed horizontally using the embedded point connections. The applied load was gradually increasing until the collapse. Vertical deflections in specific points of the samples were measured. The temperature and the humidity were monitored as well.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131780747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small-Scale Test of Transparent Adhesives in Glass Structures under Shear Stress and Their Ageing Resistance","authors":"M. Zikmundová, M. Eliášová","doi":"10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/sgamrsp.2022.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Corresponding Author: Markéta Zikmundová Department of Steel and Timber Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Email: marketa.zikmundova@fsv.cvut.cz Abstract: Glass load-bearing structures, which have been popular in recent years, require careful attention to detail, because with improper design there is a concentration of stress leading to failure and subsequent collapse of the structure. Mechanical connections are mainly used but there are disadvantages such as stress peaks, weakening of the cross-section, or aesthetic reasons. Adhesive connections eliminate these disadvantages. The lack of information and standards about adhesives (except for silicones) obstruct their wide-ranging use. Especially problematic is an ageing of adhesive and its influence on the mechanical properties. This study is focused on experimental testing of two transparent epoxy adhesives that were used for small-scale specimens with float glass. Two sets of specimens were prepared for each adhesive. The first set was an unaged reference set, the second set was exposed to an artificial ageing method based on EN ISO 9142. The specimens were subjected to shear stress in a displacement controlled test. One adhesive showed good mechanical properties in the reference set, but resistance to artificial ageing was poor. The second adhesive does not achieve good mechanical properties in the reference set in comparison to the first adhesive. The artificial ageing method was devastating for the second adhesive. Poor mechanical properties of the second adhesive could be caused by the age of the uncured adhesive. The first adhesive can only be recommended for the interior where the adhesive is not exposed to aggressive environmental effects.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134056935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demonstration of the Structural Resiliency of Damaged Sentryglas Laminated Heat Strengthened Glass Fins in Full Scale Testing","authors":"F. Veer, Diana de Krom, R. Nijsse","doi":"10.3844/SGAMRSP.2021.29.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/SGAMRSP.2021.29.37","url":null,"abstract":"A unique structural design was made for the glass facade of the Co-Creation Center building in Delft. The roof is completely carried by the glass fins. The fins are laterally stabilized by being included in the triple glazed facade. To certify the safety of the design full scale tests on the fins were done at Delft University of Technology. Due to a transportation accident the fins were damaged at one end. This allowed an additional study into the effect of this pre-test damage on the residual compressive stressed induced by the tempering. It was found that the residual stresses were not significantly affected by the damage. During the compression tests no cracks developed at the damaged ends. A load of 200 kN, more than double the maximum design load did not produce failure in the prototypes. After intentionally seriously damaging all plies of the fins, the fins could still carry the 200 kN load for 30 min without buckling or other failures being noted. Measurement of the residual stress in the outer plies of the fins after damage showed that sufficient residual stress was present in the larger fragments of the prototype to provide enough stability in combination with the Sentryglass laminating foil.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124348222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Glass Strength for Impact and Blast Loading","authors":"M. Förch, F. Wellershoff","doi":"10.3844/SGAMRSP.2021.115.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/SGAMRSP.2021.115.133","url":null,"abstract":"Strain rate dependency of glass strength is well known in structural glass design (Mould and Southwick, 1959; Marsh, 1964; Brown, 1972; Mencik, 1992, p.83; Lawn, 1993, p.277) and implemented in standards like DIN 18008-1 (2010), DIN 18008-4 (2013), E DIN EN 16612 (2013) and ASTM E1300-16 (2016). Glass strength tests under soft impact load are presented for different glass build-ups in Schneider (2001, p.183) and monolithic glass in Kuntsche (2015, p.236). Konig (2012) focusses on experimental tension tests of annealed glass specimens under different strain rates with surface condition as delivered.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"170 4326 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134051101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bamboo Lightweight Shear Walls: Modeling and Identification of Sheathing-to-Framing Connections for Seismic Response Analysis","authors":"G. Gangi, C. Demartino, G. Quaranta","doi":"10.3844/sgamrsp.2020.149.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/sgamrsp.2020.149.159","url":null,"abstract":"The need for enhancing the sustainability of civil constructions has originated an increasing interest in the use of engineered bamboo-based products within the building sector. Nonetheless, while the static response of bamboo-made structures has been largely investigated, experimental and numerical researches concerning the response under dynamic loads are limited. Therefore, the present work deals with the assessment of the seismic behavior of modern bamboo lightweight shear walls, with focus on the energy dissipation ensured by sheathing-to-framing connections. Initially, a short discussion about architectural, sustainability and manufacturing issues related to the use of bamboo in modern civil constructions is provided. Then, the experimental cyclic response of fasteners employed within glued laminated bamboo (glubam) shear walls is simulated by using a suitable phenomenological model whose parameters are identified through a soft computing-based numerical technique. A parametric finite element model developed within OpenSees is thus employed to assess the global seismic response of the wall. A comparison between the response of glubam- and timber-based shear walls is finally provided. This highlights that the main parameter dictating their global behavior is the local non-linear behavior of the single fastener when the cross-section size of the framing elements allows the full exploitation of its capacity and plastic deformation. The numerical simulations well agree with the main evidence carried out from the available experimental data. Particularly, it is found that glubam lightweight shear walls usually exhibit larger capacity and reduced ductility with respect to equivalent timber walls.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116158447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of EVA, PVB and Ionoplast Interlayers on the Structural Behaviour and Fracture Pattern of Laminated Glass","authors":"L. Šāble, D. Kinsella, M. Kozłowski","doi":"10.3844/SGAMRSP.2019.62.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/SGAMRSP.2019.62.78","url":null,"abstract":"Architectural trends increasingly challenge material producers and engineers to create sustainable, renewable and innovative laminated glass products that combine multiple functions as in, for example, glass railings with solar cells, curved laminated glass, floors with light emitting diodes that serve as multimedia screens. All new tendencies require the development of interlayers for laminated glass, which allows laminating electrical parts, solar cells or other objects between two glass plies. For this complex lamination process, the most appropriate interlayer is Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA), because its properties allow for working in low temperatures without autoclave. From the other hand, EVA material has not been defined and discussed entirely in prEN16613 standard as a suitable interlayer material, for example, for structures application like Polyvinyl Butyral (PVB) interlayer. For this reason, EVA interlayer laminates must be investigated and compared with PVB or similar interlayer laminates to evaluate its mechanical behaviour. The research paper gives an idea and compares the structural behaviour and fracture pattern and evaluates laminated glass samples with PVB, Ionoplast and EVA interlayers. Under practical circumstances, glass structures need to be designed to withstand bending stresses which may occur, e.g., due to lateral loading, that means that four-point bending tests is appropriate method for the evaluation of structural behavior. Tests were also modelled in the Finite Element (FE) ABAQUS/CAE software to calculate displacements and evaluate bending stresses. According to current research, the conclusion can be drawn that for samples with EVA interlayer, stiffness is equivalent to PVB interlayer specimens’ results and EVA interlayer can be used in the same cases as PVB material. Moreover, using FE method makes it possible to simulate accurately the mechanical behaviour of laminated glass tested in 4-point bending with high result correlation with error less than 5% while the analytical calculations show error of 10-58%.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125601017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examination of Laminated Glass with Stiff Interlayers – Numerical and Experimental Research","authors":"Julian Hänig, P. Bukieda, M. Engelmann, I. Stelzer, B. Weller","doi":"10.3844/SGAMRSP.2019.1.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3844/SGAMRSP.2019.1.14","url":null,"abstract":"Glass is a linear-elastic and isotropic building material which allows for a quick calculation of internal forces and stress in the design stage. However, in safety applications, e.g. overhead glazing or balustrades, it is made into laminated glass using plastic interlayers. Their material properties change over time and are temperature-dependent. Additionally, larger spans and the demand to reduce the amount of material used to a minimum result in significant slenderness and a considerable impact of geometric non-linearity. Consequently, the manufacturing of laminated glass products results in the requirement of complex design strategies to generate top performance. The paper introduces current design methods for laminated glass focusing on the potential use of shear action and covering load assumptions, including the effects of time and temperature. It includes a study on potential material models for three different interlayers. This led to a refined numerical model for load combinations considering shear action. For validation, vertical laminated glass panels (linearly supported on four sides) were loaded. The 36 specimens comprised two sizes: one measured 800 mm by 1200 mm and the other 1450 mm by 2800 mm and layers of glass with a thickness ranging from 3 mm to 4 mm. A planar load was introduced stepwise according to a load-time correlation model. Time and deflection correlate as a function of the interlayer. The idea was to quantify the performance of standard-PVB, stiff PVB and ionoplast interlayers as well as a monolithic glass pane as reference. The results show good agreement in comparison with the refined numerical calculations. Therefore, the load-bearing behaviour of laminated glass can be realistically modelled and allows for an economic glass design. Additionally, the numerical model was applied in an extended parametric study on the possible reduction of self-weight by using a combination of thin glass panes and stiff interlayers in insulated glass units. A resulting “butterfly chart” shows the potential of self-weight reduction as a broader summary.","PeriodicalId":354536,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Structural Glass and Advanced Materials Research","volume":"35 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114047913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}