ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Demutualization and its Problems","authors":"Patrizia Battilani, H. Schröter","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1866263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1866263","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last three decades, cooperatives experienced acceleration of institutional innovation with the introduction of many variations to the reference model. It is certainly not surprising that coops changed their organizational structure over time to face the challenges of world. In the United States and in Canada they are commonly referred to as new generation cooperatives, in Italy and Spain as cooperative groups or network of cooperatives. One of the main feature of these new organizational structures is their attempt to take some advantages of the investor oriented firms (above all in capital raising activities) while retaining the mutual/cooperative status. Many of these changes have been undertaken to facilitate the growth of the enterprises both in domestic market and abroad. Due to the wideness of the phenomenon we could name the last three decades the age of hybridization. However in some cases the search for new structures went further and assumed the aspect of conversion of mutuals into stock firms. Our paper will deal with this latter part of the story, focusing on cooperatives that preferred conversion or demutualization to hybridization. The paper describes the chronology and the geography of demutualization and analyses the forces that drove it over the last decades. The main conclusion is that demutualization provided solutions for real problems, as hybridization did, however the choice between these two options seems to have been more a matter of ideology than of efficiency.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114744474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Much Does It Pay to Be Socially Responsible?","authors":"S. Park, J. Moon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1760632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1760632","url":null,"abstract":"How much does it pay to be socially responsible? In order to answer this question, we combined two components from two different streams of business scholarship. We employed the KLD SOCRATES Social Ratings database as our measure of corporate social performance (CSP), and we applied Carhart’s four-factor model, a standard extension of the Fama-French 3-factor model in the field of finance, to quantify the relationship between CSP and financial performance. Our results show that, for large US corporations belonging to the S&P 500 Index, the stocks of companies in the top CSP quantile outperform those of companies in the bottom CSP quantile by as much as 6.24 percentage points annually for years 1991 through 2006, after adjusting for standard risk factors such as market risk, size, book to market ratio, and stock momentum. For a company in the S&P 500 Index with average market capitalization, this translates to $1.28 billion in additional shareholder wealth.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123220438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corporate Responsibility: Reasons, Principles and Rationality","authors":"Laurence Cranmer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2668680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2668680","url":null,"abstract":"This paper sets out a series of arguments about the responsibilities of firms. Each of the arguments is currently under development. The paper suggests how an analysis of these issues might work. I begin with the claim that firms, and the individuals within them, have reasons for acting. I discuss the idea that these reasons appeal to principles, and discuss what these principles might involve. I suggest that these principles set a boundary of the firm as a social activity. I consider the ways in which this boundary may be affected by the global context of firms and by appeals to corporate responsibilities in addition to operating legally and making a financial return. I suggest that an idea of public reasoning may be useful for this analysis. I also discuss the idea that reasons for acting may involve both rationality and an appeal to views about ethical significance.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129508085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do Organizations Expect New CEOs to Communicate? An Analysis of CEO Recruitment Notices as Expressions of Desired Management Communication Styles","authors":"J. Cullen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1625345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1625345","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing acceptance of recruitment advertising as a rich source of information that communications organizational identity and expectations of employees. This article conducts a content analysis of recruitment notices for CEO-level positions which were published in the six most extensive Irish newspaper appointment sections over a twelve month period, and uses the data to construct a double axis model of how organizations expect managers to communicate. Rather than asking ‘how do managers really communicate’?; this paper asks, ‘how does the organization expect managers to communicate?’ Data on the content is presented and a model for how organizations expect their senior managers to communicate is presented. The model suggests four types of expectations regarding how managers will communicate: promotional communicators; open communicators; directive communicators, and; supportive communicators. Concerns about the methodology are raised, further avenues for investigation are suggested, and the utility of this model to organizations, communications and HR departments and recruitment agencies is discussed.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115864994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Limits of Nonprofit Impact: A Contingency Framework for Measuring Social Performance","authors":"Alnoor Ebrahim, V. Rangan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1611810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1611810","url":null,"abstract":"Leaders of organizations in the social sector are under growing pressure to demonstrate their impacts on pressing societal problems such as global poverty. We review the debates around performance and impact, drawing on three literatures: strategic philanthropy, nonprofit management, and international development. We then develop a contingency framework for measuring results, suggesting that some organizations should measure long-term impacts, while others should focus on shorter-term outputs and outcomes. In closing, we discuss the implications of our analysis for future research on performance management.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117028720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cream-Skimming, Parking and Other Intended and Unintended Effects of Performance-Based Contracting in Social Welfare Services","authors":"P. Koning, Carolyn J. Heinrich","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1570399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1570399","url":null,"abstract":"In a growing number of countries, the delivery of social welfare services is contracted out to private providers, and increasingly, using performance-based contracts. Critics of performance-based incentive contracts stress their potential unintended effects, including cream-skimming and other gaming activities intended to raise measured performance outcomes. We analyze the incentive effects of performance-based contracts, as well as their impacts on provider job placement rates, using unique data on Dutch cohorts of unemployed and disabled workers that were assigned to private social welfare providers in 2002-2005. We take advantage of variation in contract design over this period, where procured contracts gradually moved from partial performance-contingent pay to contracts with 100%-performance contingent reward schemes, and analyze the impact of these changes using panel data that allow us to control for cohort types and to develop explicit measures of selection into the programs. We find evidence of cream-skimming and other gaming activities on the part of providers but little impact of these activities on job placement rates. Overall, moving to a system with contract payments fully contingent on performance appears to increase job placements for more readily employable workers, although it does not affect the duration of their jobs.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131316182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'I Wish Someone Help Me Write this Song'; Or, the Efficient Allocation of Resources in Rock Bands","authors":"Cinzia Ciardi, A. Balestrino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1556677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1556677","url":null,"abstract":"Economics, they say, can explain (almost) everything. In this paper, we argue that with a little help from its friends - that is, borrowing a few insights from psychology and sociology - economics can explain also why certain rock bands have had more success than others. We argue that the two most successful rock bands of all times in terms of album sales - Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd - have both relied on an efficient internal organisation in which productive tasks were allocated according to the principle of comparative advantage. We also note that efficient organisational structures are difficult to achieve and to maintain in the case of rock bands. Finally, we suggest that our analysis yields valuable insights for the study of the internal organisation of productive teams without a pre-ordained hierarchical structure.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128786207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversification, Industry Structure, and Firm Strategy: An Organizational Economics Perspective","authors":"Peter G. Klein, Lasse B. Lien","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1387714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1387714","url":null,"abstract":"We review theory and evidence on corporate diversification, industry structure, and firm strategy from an organizational economics perspective. First, we examine the implications of transaction cost economics (TCE) for diversification decisions. TCE is essentially a theory about the costs of contracting, and TCE sheds light on the firm’s choice to diversify into a new industry rather than contract out any assets that are valuable in that industry. While TCE does not predict much about the specific industries into which a firm will diversify, it can be combined with other approaches, such as the resource-based and capabilities views, that describe which assets are useful where. We also discuss the transaction-cost rationale for unrelated diversification, which focuses on the potential efficiencies from exploiting internal capital markets. We review this argument as it emerged in the transaction cost literature in the 1970s and 1980s and, more recently, theoretical and empirical literature in industrial organization and corporate finance. We then discuss how diversification decisions, both related and unrelated, affect industry structure and industry evolution. Here, the stylized facts suggest that diversifying firms have a crucial impact on industry evolution because they are larger than average at entry, grow faster than average, and exit less often than the average firm. We conclude with thoughts on unresolved theoretical, methodological, and empirical issues and problems and provide suggestions for future research.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123897110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One Store, Two Employment Systems: Core, Periphery and Flexibility in China's Retail Sector","authors":"Jos Gamble, Qihai Huang","doi":"10.1111/j.1467-8543.2008.00695.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2008.00695.x","url":null,"abstract":"Research on 'flexible' or 'contingent work', derived primarily from manufacturing and production contexts in Western settings, has often been theorized in terms of a core-periphery model. Based upon ethnographic research on vendor representatives and regular store employees conducted at a multinational retail firm in China, we indicate that this model is insufficient to capture the complexity of employment arrangements in this context. This article delineates the coexistence of two employment systems and a quadrilateral relationship in which workers' interests sometimes overlap but often compete. Our research also indicates that institutional arrangements in China significantly affect the strategies that are open to firms and the consequent structure of employment relations.","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118954568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governing Third Sector Organisations in Asia: Comparative Notes from a Six Asian Country Study","authors":"Samiul Hasan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3017019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3017019","url":null,"abstract":"In Northern countries, in addition to a fiduciary approach to organisational governance emphasising the board's role as steward of public funds and tax concessions provided to the organisation, a corporate governance approach emphasising the role of the board in providing an organisation with strategic leadership is receiving currency now. This model is being suggested for third sector organisations (TSOs) everywhere. The question is does this corporate model of governance apply to third sector organisations in Asia? In order to approach the question logically we tried to to know how governance of third sector organisations in Asian countries work. Our premise is that the third sector organisation governance refers to performance of the following functions: Setting directions and strategies for the organization; Identifying and ensuring the type and quality of goods and services; Defining and maintaining relations between the 'board', staff, beneficiaries, and the fund givers, and other external stakeholders. Relating the organisation to its wider society: the government, the financiers, the members and other stakeholders. This paper is based mainly on the first (legal environment report) and second (key informant survey) steps of the project. A questionnaire survey of around 30 key informants drawn from the third sector, business sector, government sector, and international organisation in six widely varied countries in terms of culture, history, colonial past, economic institution, political system (i.e. China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) was undertaken. The initial analyses show that three factors influence TSO governance: legal environment, relations with the government (and other stakeholders), and internal structure of the organisations. This paper highlights issues related to these three factors. In the next phase the analyses, with governance surveys around 500 TSOs in the participating countries, are to deal with questions like how and to what extent and form the traditional system of governance impact on TSO governance, is there or why there is a variation of TSO governance across fields of activity, or the size and sources of income, what are the relationships between governance and accountability, and governance and performance in TSOs? These are to be reported in the later part of the project to be completed by Samiul Hasan and Jenny Onyx (with the help of Mark Lyons and researchers in each of the participating countries).","PeriodicalId":352730,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Other Organizations & Markets: Formal & Informal Structures (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129862323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}