{"title":"Index of countries and territories","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707980","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"167 1","pages":"536 - 536"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72551919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Three: North America","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2020.1707963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2020.1707963","url":null,"abstract":"The US Department of Defense saw two secretaries of defense and one acting secretary in the space of seven months, creating added uncertainties over policy direction and priorities. In August 2019, the US re-established a Space Command amid growing concern about the vulnerability of US space-based assets, and as a precursor to the creation of a US Space Force. Debates continue over the precise role of and ambition for such a force. Challenges over rebuilding readiness are vying with force-modernisation demands amid renewed focus on great-power competition. Rebuilding the reach and potency of offensive systems is key, such as with the army’s Long-Range Precision Fires project and the navy’s Offensive Missile Strategy. The planning guidance issued by the Commandant of the US Marine Corps said that it should no longer be bound by a goal of 38 large amphibious ships in light of the A2/AD challenge. This could significantly affect US Navy strategic planning and shipbuilding ambitions. The US Navy force structure remains under strain, including aircraft carriers but also submarines, as the navy, industry and legislators seek to mitigate a forecast fall in submarine numbers to the low 40s in the 2030s. The US Air Force continues to struggle to improve readiness. With the fleet ageing, planners are having to manage the demands of maintenance, modernisation and the introduction of new types, some with their own problems over initial readiness. Canada faces a long-term challenge in implementing its 2017 defence strategy, which detailed significant procurements both of combat aircraft, to replace the current F/A-18 fleet, and ship construction for the navy and coastguard. An initial hike in the budget has not been sustained so far.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"120 1","pages":"28 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87102144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Two: Comparative defence statistics","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2019.1561026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2019.1561026","url":null,"abstract":"a Under NATO defence-spending de nition; b Includes US Foreign Military Assistance Note: US dollar totals are calculated using average market exchange rates for 2018, derived using IMF data. The relative position of countries will vary not only as a result of actual adjustments in defence spending levels, but also due to exchange-rate uctuations between domestic currencies and the US dollar. The use of average exchange rates reduces these uctuations, but the effects of such movements can be signi cant in a number of cases.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"68 1","pages":"21 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80183385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Five: Russia and Eurasia","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2019.1561031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2019.1561031","url":null,"abstract":"Improving air-ground cooperation is a focus for the armed forces, exemplified by the appointment of a career ground-forces officer as C-in-C of the Russian Aerospace Forces. Russia is also working to refine its reconnaissance-strike complex. This is another lesson from Russia’s operation in Syria, which remains a springboard for senior commanders; deployment there is important for promotion. Russia’s Su-57 development is progressing at a modest pace. Meanwhile, improved versions of a previous generation, including the Su-35, are improving air force capabilities. Russia’s Navy commissioned its first new truly bluewater principal surface combatant in some two decades, including with a new, potentially more capable air-defence system. The creation of information troops and reinstatement of the Main Directorate for Political-Military Affairs showed that Russia’s command has sharpened its attention on confrontation in the information domain. Russia’s surge of naval capabilities into the Eastern Mediterranean in late 2018 demonstrated its ability to potentially pose challenges to NATO and other navies in the region.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"9 1","pages":"166 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91139215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Three: North America","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2019.1561028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2019.1561028","url":null,"abstract":"The 2018 Nuclear Posture Review committed to nuclear modernisation, including development of lowyield warheads for SLBMs and, in the longer term, a modern nuclear-armed sea-launched cruise missile. Pentagon efforts to partner with Silicon Valley and technology firms to accelerate innovation have met some opposition from the sector, including refusal by Google staff to participate in the Project Maven AI initiative. The US army is fielding specially trained Security Force Assistance Brigades to provide trainers, advisors and mentors to partner other nations’ forces. It continues to balance the requirements of ongoing missions with the reorientation to traditional tasks, also improving its combat-training centres and hastening their reorientation to high-end combat. The US Air Force continues to face the challenge of an ageing inventory combined with the lower pace of delivery of replacement types. USAF chiefs are advocating an expanded number of operational squadrons: the target mentioned is 386 by 2030. Any question of whether the Pentagon wanted to sustain two combat aircraft manufacturers (Lockheed Martin plus one other) appears to have been resolved with Boeing picking trainer, tanker UAV, and helicopter orders that will help sustain its military business. The US Navy continues to try to balance rebuilding readiness with achieving early progress towards increasing platform numbers to achieve a 355-ship battle force target. After delays, Canada announced that a consortium led by Lockheed Martin (with the UK Type-26 design) was the preferred bidder for its Canadian Surface Combatant programme.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"9 1","pages":"28 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86422283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Six: Asia","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2018.1561032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2018.1561032","url":null,"abstract":"Regional navies (Japan, South Korea, Australia) continue to develop or renew their ability to generate task-group-centred capabilities for enhanced bluewater operations. Japan’s new defence programme guidelines were expected to reinforce ‘cross-domain‘ capabilities. Japan is buying Aegis Ashore and looking into converting its Izumo-class vessels to carry the F-35B. Vietnam, meanwhile, continues to modernise its air and naval capabilities to complicate the deployment options of potential adversaries in the country’s maritime littoral. Some of Asia’s top defence spenders drove the regional increase in military expenditure. However, the detailed picture showed some contrasts as defence spending stagnated in Southeast Asia.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"51 1","pages":"222 - 319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90937956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chapter Seven: Middle East and North Africa","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2018.1561033","url":null,"abstract":"Gulf Arab navies are undertaking significant development programmes to equip themselves for a more challenging and complex regional maritime environment. Israel has been enforcing a red line around the transfer of advanced military technology from Iran to Hizbullah and also conducting a campaign of air and missile strikes against Iranian forces in Syria. However, following the 17 September shootdown by Syria of a Russian IL-20 surveillance aircraft, Russia’s supply of S-300 missiles to Syrian forces will complicate Israel’s plans and calculations.","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"18 1","pages":"320 - 379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73642195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index of countries and territories","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/04597222.2019.1561040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2019.1561040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":35165,"journal":{"name":"The Military Balance","volume":"87 1","pages":"520 - 520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79416375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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