Chapter Two: Comparative defence statistics

Abstract

a Under NATO defence-spending de nition; b Includes US Foreign Military Assistance Note: US dollar totals are calculated using average market exchange rates for 2018, derived using IMF data. The relative position of countries will vary not only as a result of actual adjustments in defence spending levels, but also due to exchange-rate žuctuations between domestic currencies and the US dollar. The use of average exchange rates reduces these žuctuations, but the effects of such movements can be signi cant in a number of cases.