Comparative Strategy最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of the effectiveness of electoral technologies as mechanisms for regulating and manipulating electoral behaviour (using Ukraine and Kazakhstan as examples)","authors":"Aigul Amirzhanova, Gulnar Askeeva, Vsevolod Zelenin","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2263340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2263340","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study conducts a comparative analysis of Ukraine and the Republic of Kazakhstan, two post-Soviet states facing ongoing contradictions and challenges in mutual understanding. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, these states embarked on their own paths of national development, influenced by various political, economic, socio-cultural, and ethnic factors. This study examines the formation of political parties, the development of political and electoral culture, and the legal approaches to organizing the electoral process in Ukraine and Kazakhstan. Additionally, it explores the manipulation of electoral behavior through a specific case study. The study employs standard political research methods such as comparative analysis, anthropological and structural-functional approaches, content analysis, and a systematic approach. The findings of this study serve as valuable information for experts involved in organizing electoral processes, researchers in comparative political science, and readers interested in the subject matter.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"4 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134907854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"End times: Elites, counter-elites, and the path of political disintegration <b>End times: Elites, counter-elites, and the path of political disintegration</b> , by Peter Turchin, New York, NY: Penguin, 2023, 368 pp.","authors":"C. Dale Walton","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2263346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2263346","url":null,"abstract":"\"End times: Elites, counter-elites, and the path of political disintegration.\" Comparative Strategy, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2 Additional informationNotes on contributorsC. Dale WaltonC. Dale Walton (DWalton@lindenwood.edu) is a professor of international relations and Hammond Institute senior fellow at Lindenwood University. His is the author of numerous works, including the books The Myth of Inevitable US Defeat in Vietnam (2002); Geopolitics and the Great Powers in the Twenty-First Century (2007); and Grand Strategy and the Presidency (2012). He also is one of the coauthors of Understanding Modern Warfare, 2nd ed. (2016).","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135366757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The indelicate balance of terror: Nuclear deterrence stability in a world of three nuclear superpowers","authors":"Stephen J. Cimbala","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2263335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2263335","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractAlbert Wohlstetter’s seminal essay of the early Cold War years, “The Delicate Balance of Terror,” calls for revisiting in the current climate of geopolitics and military technology. The possible emergence of China as a near peer competitor with the United States and Russia in strategic nuclear forces changes the dynamics of nuclear deterrence, arms control and strategic stability in Asia and globally. In addition, future deterrence stability will also be challenged by changes in technology, including hypersonic weapons, improved missile defense capabilities, competition in the cyber and space domains, and the uncertain impacts of game changers such as artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. As well, containment of nuclear weapons spread cannot be guaranteed, given the dissatisfaction of some existing and aspiring nuclear weapons states with the present international order. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Albert Wohlstetter, “The Delicate Balance of Terror,” Foreign Affairs 37, no. 2, (1959): pp. 211-34, https://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P1472.html2 Stephen J. Cimbala and Adam B. Lowther, “Hypersonic Weapons and Nuclear Deterrence,” Comparative Strategy 41, no. 3 (2022): pp. 282-95, April, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2022.2057736. See also: Col. Stephen Reny, USAF, “Nuclear-Armed Hypersonic Weapons and Nuclear Deterrence,” Strategic Studies Quarterly, no. 4 (2020): pp. 47-76.3 Andrew Futter, Cyber Threats and Nuclear Weapons: New Questions for Command and Control, Security and Strategy (London: Royal United Service Institute for Defence and Security Studies, RUSI Occasional Paper, July 2016), www.rusi.org. See also: Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, “Thermonuclear Cyberwar,” Journal of Cybersecurity (2017), pp. 1-12, doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyw0174 Dr. Steven Lambakis, Space as a Warfighting Domain: Reshaping Defense Space Policy, National Institute for Public Policy, Information Series, no. 499 (2021) www.nipp.org.5 Henry Sokolski, “Pyongyang Goes Nuclear – This Time in Space,” The National Interest, March 7, 2023, https://nationalinterest.org/blog/korea-watch/pyongyang-goes-nuclear%E2%80%94-time-space-2062816 For related discussion, see: Krista Langeland and Derek Grossman, Tailoring Deterrence for China in Space (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2021), https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA943-1.html7 See CPT Matthew R. Bigelow, “LSCO, PNT, and the Space Domain,” Mad Scientist Laboratory, February 16, 2023, https://madsciblog.tradoc.army.mil/434-lsco-pnt-and-the-space-domain/8 For additional discussion on this topic, see: Zachary Kallenborn and Philipp C. Bleek, “Drones of Mass Destruction: Drone Swarms and the Future of Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Weapons,” War on the Rocks, February 14, 2019, https://warontherocks.com/2019/02/drones-of-mass-destruction-drone-swarms-and-the-future-of-nuclear-chemical-and-biological-weapons/. See also: Zachary Kallenborn","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135366912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovating victory: Naval technology in three wars <b>Innovating victory: Naval technology in three wars</b> , by Vincent P. O’Hara and Leonard R. Heinz, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2022, 336 pp., $36.95.","authors":"James J. Wirtz","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2263344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2263344","url":null,"abstract":"\"Innovating victory: Naval technology in three wars.\" Comparative Strategy, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2 Additional informationNotes on contributorsJames J. WirtzJames J. Wirtz (jwirtz@nps.edu) is a professor of national security affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. He has recently coauthored an update of Colin Gray’s strategic history, War, Peace and International Relations 3rd edition (Routledge, 2024).","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weaponization of refugees: Why now?","authors":"James Horncastle","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2263334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2263334","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe limited studies that focus on the weaponization of refugees typically emphasize how liberal democracies and states with restricted carrying capacity are vulnerable to this tactic. The declining number of liberal democracies globally, the Russian-Ukraine War demonstrating states’ true carrying capacities, and the tactic’s increasing prevalence, however, necessitate a closer examination of their causes. Technological and ideological developments, along with developments in warfare as a result of these changes, mean that the weaponization of refugees is likely to increase, not decrease, in the foreseeable future. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 “Plane Carrying Belarusian Opposition Figure Ordered to Divert to Minsk by President Alexander Lukashenko,” The ABC, May 23, 2021, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-24/plane-carrying-opposition-figure-diverted-to-belarus/100159524. Accessed November 22, 2022.2 Robin Emmott, Daphne Psaledakis, and James William, “West Hits Belarus with New Sanctions over Ryanair ‘Piracy,’” Reuters, June 21, 2021, https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-06-21/west-hits-belarus-with-new-sanctions-over-ryanair-piracy. Accessed November 22, 2022.3 European Council, “Belarus: EU Imposes Sanctions for Repression and Election Falsification,” October 2, 2020, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/10/02/belarus-eu-imposes-sanctions-for-repression-and-election-falsification/. Accessed November 22, 2022.4 FRONTEX, “Migratory Routes: Eastern Borders Route,” 2022, https://frontex.europa.eu/we-know/migratory-routes/eastern-borders-route/. Accessed November 22, 2022.5 FRONTEX.6 “Belarus Bringing Hundreds in Trucks to Cross into EU: Poland,” Aljazeera, November 19, 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/19/poland-reports-more-belarus-border-crossing-attempts. Accessed November 22, 2022.7 Anna Noryskiewicz, “Migrants and Refugees Caught up in Belarus-EU ‘Hybrid Warfare’ Are Freezing to Death in No Man’s Land,” CBS News, October 8, 2021, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poland-belarus-eu-border-migrants-refugees-caught-in-middle-and-dying/. Accessed November 23, 2022.8 “Will Belarus Flood Poland with 50,000 Migrants by Christmas?,” RFE/RL Timeline, December 15, 2002, https://www.rferl.org/a/1142817.html. Accessed November 23, 2022.9 Lorenzo Tondo, “In Limbo: The Refugees Left on the Belarusian-Polish Border – a Photo Essay,” The Guardian, February 8, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/feb/08/in-limbo-refugees-left-on-belarusian-polish-border-eu-frontier-photo-essay. Accessed November 23, 2022.10 See: James Horncastle and Jack MacLennan, “Where Eagles Err: Contemporary Geopolitics and the Future of Western Special Operations,” Special Operations Journal 7, no. 1 (2021): 43-54. Arthur Jennequin, “Turkey and the Weaponization of Syrian Refugees” (Brussels, Belgium: Brussels International Centre, 2020). James Horncastle, ","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135567954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generals in the classroom: Joint professional national security education in Israel and the United States","authors":"Anat Stern, Illai Z. Saltzman","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2263337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2263337","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe national security realm poses great challenges to senior military officers and civilian officials. These leaders oftentimes attend designated Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) institutions as a prerequisite for their futrue appointments. The article examines how these colleges and universities instill in their graduates the intellectual capacity to effectively engage and solve macro-level and acute strategic challenges as well as employ critical thinking skills to ensure intellectual agility and flexibility. The article compares the Israel National Defense College (INDC) and the National Defense University (NDU) to identify the differences and similarities between the two institutions and explain what it says about the Israeli and the American strategic culture and approach to the future of national security. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Barış Seçkin, “Cohesion of NATO Reinforced by Russian President,” Anadolu Agency, March 4, 2022. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/russia-ukraine-crisis/cohesion-of-nato-reinforced-by-russian-president-defense-college-commandant/2524426 (accessed March 6, 2022).2 “Given their gravity, Henry Kissinger Had jointly addressed the two consequential events,” in Crisis: The Anatomy of Two Major Foreign Policy Crises (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003).3 Carl von Clausewitz (ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter Paret), On War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 146.4 John B. Hattendorf, “The Conundrum of Military Education in Historical Perspective,” in Military Education: Past, Present, and Future, edited by Gregory C. Kennedy, Greg Kennedy, and Keith Neilson (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 7.5 John Wesley Masland and Laurence I. Radway, Soldiers and Scholars: Military Education and National Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), 50.6 Martin Dempsey, Joint Education: White Paper (July 2012), 4. https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Doctrine/concepts/cjcs_wp_education.pdf?ver=2017-12-28-162044-527 (accessed April 18, 2020).7 Joan Johnson-Freese, Educating America's Military (London: Routledge, 2013), 2–3.8 We define “senior military officers” as Lt. Col. and above as well as their civilian equivalents.9 Correlli Barnett, “The Education of Military Elites,” Journal of Contemporary History 2, no. 3 (July 1967): 28.10 Karen Guttieri, “Professional Military Education in Democracies,” in Who Guards the Guardians and How: Democratic Civil-Military Relations, edited by Thomas C. Bruneau and Scott D. Tollefson (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2006), 244.11 Royal College of Defence Studies, https://www.da.mod.uk/colleges-and-schools/royal-college-of-defence-studies/ (accessed August 5, 2021).12 Victoria Syme-Taylor and Duraid Jalili, “Professional Military Education,” in Routledge Handbook of Defence Studies, edited by David J. Galbreath and John R. Deni (London: Routledge, 2018), 98.13 Joan Johnson-Freese, Educating","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136079984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethics, autonomy, and killer drones: Can machines do right?","authors":"Andrew Brown","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2263333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2263333","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractAs technology advances, machines will increasingly serve as moral arbiters of difficult and convoluted war tasks. Humanity is already in the dawn of the “Autonomous Revolution” and ethical questions and considerations regarding the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in war cannot be delayed. The use of AI-enabled weaponized drones is a microcosm of the issues that arise. The purpose of this paper is to create and sustain a discussion of the ethics of emerging defense technologies by considering them in the context of mainstream ethical frameworks, analyzing the U.S.’s decision-making and moral justifications to date, and discussing what ethics should be instilled in AI-enabled military drones themselves, if indeed the U.S. decides to further pursue them. AcknowledgmentsThe author thanks Kerry M. Kartchner for his insight on developing the policy options for this article.Disclosure statementThe author reports there are no competing interests to declare.Notes1 Genesis 3:22 (NIV).2 Stephen Hummel and F. John Burpo, “Small Groups, Big Weapons: The Nexus of Emerging Technologies and Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism,” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, April 2020, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1100991.pdf, 12.3 Edmund F. Byrne, “Making Drones to Kill Civilians: Is It Ethical?” Journal of Business Ethics 147, no. 1 (2018): 83, http://www.jstor.org/stable/45022364.4 Byrne, “Making Drones to Kill,” 84.5 Paul McLeary and Alexander Ward, “U.S. Sending Switchblade Drones to Ukraine in $800 Million Package,” Politico, March 16, 2022, https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/16/us-sends-switchblade-drones-to-ukraine-00017836.6 Nicola Slawson, “First Thing: Al-Qaeda Leader Killed in US Drone Strike, Joe Biden Says,” The Guardian, August 2, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/aug/02/first-thing-al-qaida-leader-killed-in-us-drone-strike-joe-biden-says.7 Sanjana Varghese, “Mass Drone Attacks in Ukraine Foreshadow the ‘Future of Warfare’,” Al Jazeera, October 20, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/10/20/mass-drones-are-a-worry-for-the-future-of-warfare.8 Kris Osborn, “Navy Accelerates AI-Enabled, Autonomous Drones,” Warrior Maven, April 25, 2022, https://warriormaven.com/sea/military-drones.9 Amir Husain, “AI Is Shaping the Future of War,” PRISM 9, no. 3 (2021): 51, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48640745.10 “Artificial Intelligence (AI),” IBM, June 3, 2020, https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence.11 Stephan De Spiegeleire, Matthijs Maas, and Tim Sweijs, “Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Defense: Strategic Implications for Small- and Medium-Sized Force Providers,” Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, January 2017, http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep12564.8, 53.12 De Spiegeleire, Maas, and Sweijs, “Artificial Intelligence and the Future,” 45.13 James S. Johnson, “Artificial Intelligence: A Threat to Strategic Stability,” Strategic Studies Quarterly 14, no. 1 (2020): 17–18, https://www.jstor.org/stab","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136079764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of United States’ space policy: An approach of proactive engagement","authors":"Divy Raghuvanshi","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2263338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2263338","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractUnited States space policy has largely reflected the outlook of a major power. The key distinguishing feature of such a state is their willingness to proactively reshape and engage with international regimes and organizations. They do this to protect their strategic goals and national interest. US space policy has historically been shaped by geopolitical tensions and rivalries. Its space policy is an extension of the military doctrines and strategies that it subsequently developed. The article examines different periods since the start of the space race. These periods reflect how US space policy has adapted to meet new challenges. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Theresa Hitchens and Joan Johnson-Freese, “Toward a New National Security Space Strategy: Time for a Strategic Rebalancing”, (Atlantic Council Strategy Paper, no. 5 ,2016): iii.2 Hitchens and Johnson-Freese , “Toward a New National Security Space Strategy: Time for a Strategic Rebalancing”, (Atlantic Council Strategy Paper), iii.3 Zachary Keck, “China Secretly Tested an Anti-Satellite Missile”, The Diplomat, March 19, 2014, https://thediplomat.com/2014/03/china-secretly-tested-an-anti-satellite-missile/. (accessed April 12, 2023)4 Zachary Keck, “China Conducted Anti-Satellite Missile Test”, The Diplomat, July 29, 2014, https://thediplomat.com/2014/07/china-conducted-anti-satellite-missile-test/. (accessed March 27, 2023)5 Hitchens and Johnson-Freese, “Toward a New National Security Space Strategy: Time for a Strategic Rebalancing”; ANTONY J. BLINKEN, “Russia Conducts Destructive Anti-Satellite Missile Test”, United States Department of State (blog), November 15, 2021, https://www.state.gov/russia-conducts-destructive-anti-satellite-missile-test/. (accessed July 20, 2023)6 “Department of Defense Establishes U.S. Space Force”, U.S. Department of Defense, December 20, 2019, https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2045981/department-of-defense-establishes-us-space-force/ (accessed April 18, 2023)7 Eytan Tepper, “The First Space-Cyber War and the Need for New Regimes and Policies”, (Centre for International Governance Innovation, no. CIGI Policy Brief No. 173, 2022), 2 https://www.cigionline.org/publications/the-first-space-cyber-war-and-the-need-for-new-regimes-and-policies/. (accessed July 17, 2023)8 Patrick Howell O’Neill, “Russia Hacked an American Satellite Company One Hour before the Ukraine Invasion”, MIT Technology Review, May 10, 2022, https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/05/10/1051973/russia-hack-viasat-satellite-ukraine-invasion/. (accessed June 26, 2022)9 Tom Simonite, “How Starlink Scrambled to Keep Ukraine Online”, Wired (blog), May 11, 2022, https://www.wired.com/story/starlink-ukraine-internet/. (accessed June 26, 2022)10 ‘Statement by Deputy Head of the Russian Delegation Mr. Konstantin Vorontsov at the Thematic Discussion on Outer Space (Disarmament Aspects) in the First Committee of the 77th Se","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136079387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The modalities of China’s combinatory unrestrictive warfare strategy","authors":"Nelly Atlan","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2263341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2263341","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis article analyses the modalities of China’s combinatory unrestricted warfare. After an investigation of the founding principles of Chinese military thought, the second part of the article is dedicated to the importance of technology in modern warfare and more specifically what Chinese military thinkers called “informatization,” which enables a combinatory unrestricted warfare strategy. Through a geopolitical analysis, the last part of this article specifies the modalities of Chinese combinatory unrestricted warfare applied to China’s security concerns: ensuring Chinese economic development and the preservation of China’s territoriality, including Taiwan and its territories in the SCS (South China Sea) and ECS (East China Sea). Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Frank G. Hoffman, Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars (Arlington VA: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, 2007), 22.2 Sangkuk Lee, “China’s Three Warfares: Origins, Applications and Organizations,” Journal of Strategic Studies 37, no. 2 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2013.8700713 James Mulvenon and Andrew N. D. Yang, eds., Seeking the Truth from Facts, A retrospective on Chinese Military Studies in the Post-Mao Era (Santa Monica: Rand, Centre for Asia-Pacific Policy, National Research Division, 2001).4 Ibid., 138.5 John F. Sullivan, “How Translators Choose to Render Sun Tzu,” academia.edu, https://usarmy.academia.edu/JohnSullivan (accessed May 4, 2023).6 William H. Mot and Jae Chang Kim, The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture, Shih vs. Li (Palgrave MacMillan, 2006), 12.7 According to the Li approach “weapons” are only projectiles, or instruments of war used by “armies” themselves conceived as a collection of men in arms. Therefore, according to the Li approach, strategy is the simple use of a mean to achieve a goal, deprived from any intellectual consideration about the significance of men fighting together , or about what can make them fighting together, that said The meaning may vary depending on Tao or Confucianist thinkers. Mot and Kim, The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture, Shih vs. Li, 32.8 President Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address (November 19, 1863), in This Fiery Trial: The Speeches and Writings of Abraham Lincoln, edited by W. E. Gienapp (Oxford University Press, 2002), 184.9 People's war also called protracted people's war, is a Maoist military strategy developed by the Chinese communist revolutionary leader Mao Zedong (1893–1976). The basic concept behind people's war is to maintain the support of the population and draw the enemy deep into the countryside (stretching their supply lines) where the population will bleed them dry through a mix of mobile warfare and guerrilla warfare. Mao Tse-tung, On Protracted War, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Press: Peking, 1967), 113–94.10 Mot and Kim, The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture, Shih vs. Li, 11.11 Hwy-Chang Moon","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135536159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What makes a good strategic concept?","authors":"Lukas Milevski","doi":"10.1080/01495933.2023.2236493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2023.2236493","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Strategic concepts are more than simply academic concepts but must also relate to strategic practice, which affects how we should gauge concept quality. Rather than purely academic measures, strategic concepts must also be judged according to their usefulness for practice. Yet the relationship between general theory and specific practice has hardly been explored, a task this article undertakes. Academic theory generates ad hoc concepts, which are used to build specific theories of victory, which are used to generate orders. The measures by which to judge a concept’s quality depends on where in this multi-phase transference process any concept is located.","PeriodicalId":35161,"journal":{"name":"Comparative Strategy","volume":"42 1","pages":"718 - 728"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44698884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}