Nonproliferation Review最新文献_第6页

The synthetic-biology challenges for biosecurity: examples from iGEM 生物安全的合成生物学挑战:来自iGEM的例子

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1866884

P. Millett, Christopher R Isaac, Irina Rais, P. Rutten

引用次数: 2

Verification and implementation of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention 核查和执行《生物和毒素武器公约》

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1823102

S. Drobysz

引用次数: 2

Monitoring and verification in the biological-weapons area 生物武器领域的监测与核查

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1865629

G. Kraatz-Wadsack

引用次数: 2

Biodefense and the return to great-power competition 生物防御与大国竞争的回归

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1852751

G. Epstein

引用次数: 0

Wrestling with imponderables: assessing perceptions of biological-weapons utility 与不可估量的因素搏斗:评估人们对生物武器效用的看法

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1858621

Glenn Cross

{"title":"Wrestling with imponderables: assessing perceptions of biological-weapons utility","authors":"Glenn Cross","doi":"10.1080/10736700.2020.1858621","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1858621","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding states’ perception of biological-weapons (BW) utility is key to understanding the motivations behind states’ development, possession, and use of these weapons. The calculations underlying a determination of utility are complex, having to balance threat perceptions, national scientific and industrial capacities, diplomatic relations, and the importance of prohibitory norms. Case studies of the former US and British offensive BW programs, beginning in World War II, illustrate how perceptions of BW utility evolve under wartime circumstances. The US case also illustrates how perceptions of BW utility heightened during periods of international tension, namely the Korean War and early in the John F. Kennedy administration. Both the US and UK examples also demonstrate how possession of nuclear weapons affected perceptions of BW utility and the role of BW in military doctrine. Given the prohibitions on BW development and possession, BW utility today is limited to small-scale, covert operations, including assassinations, much like the recent assassinations and attempted assassinations conducted by North Korea and Russia. Unlike chemical weapons, BW have the additional characteristics of delaying the onset of effects, mimicking natural diseases, and foiling attribution efforts.","PeriodicalId":35157,"journal":{"name":"Nonproliferation Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"343 - 366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10736700.2020.1858621","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42672379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Dual-use biology: building trust and managing perceptions of intent 两用生物学：建立信任和管理意图感知

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1853910

Filippa Lentzos

引用次数: 0

Sitting on the boundary: the role of reports in investigations into alleged biological-weapons use 坐在边界上：报告在调查指称使用生物武器方面的作用

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1872968

C. McLeish, Joshua R. Moon

{"title":"Sitting on the boundary: the role of reports in investigations into alleged biological-weapons use","authors":"C. McLeish, Joshua R. Moon","doi":"10.1080/10736700.2020.1872968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1872968","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Concerns that biological weapons will be used has focused attention on the need to develop a capability to independently investigate any allegation of use. The United Nations Secretary-General’s Mechanism is one such tool, and efforts to revitalize and strengthen it have acknowledged a wide range of technical difficulties to overcome. This article emphasizes another aspect of the investigatory process: communicating the findings of an investigation. The article frames the investigation report as more than a technical recounting of what the investigators did and found, regarding it instead as the means by which the policy-making audience “makes sense” of the allegation. Drawing on literatures associated with science policy and “boundary objects,” the article reflects on the guidance provided thus far and suggests there has been an implicit move toward seeing the reports as “boundary documents.” The suggestion made here is that this implicit recognition should be now made explicit so that the critical position of the report is better appreciated. This has implications for the training of rostered experts.","PeriodicalId":35157,"journal":{"name":"Nonproliferation Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"525 - 540"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10736700.2020.1872968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49608140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Perspectives on “bioterrorism” in the nineteenth century: the philosophy of mass destruction, fake news, and other fictions 对19世纪“生物恐怖主义”的透视：大规模杀伤、假新闻和其他小说的哲学

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1843252

W. Carus

引用次数: 0

Developments in systems biology: implications for health and biochemical security 系统生物学的发展:对健康和生化安全的影响

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1865632

K. Nixdorff

{"title":"Developments in systems biology: implications for health and biochemical security","authors":"K. Nixdorff","doi":"10.1080/10736700.2020.1865632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1865632","url":null,"abstract":"Biological processes occur within complex, vital physiological systems. Systems biology seeks to understand how physiological systems function as a whole, integrating information about interactions in a biological system through computer-assisted modeling, aiming to identify relationships not found within individual biological units. Coupled with advances in the life sciences and computing power, this research is yielding an enormous amount of information about specific targets of vital physiological processes, and enabling predictions about how these targets may respond to a disturbance or change in signaling. This information can be greatly beneficial in treating complex diseases. It also has extended the spectrum of potential threat agents to include bioregulators, which to a great extent regulate the functioning of the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. There is potential for misuse of the knowledge gained from these studies, and improved methods of targeted delivery of biochemicals make them more feasible weapons agents. Moreover, biochemical security concerns in systems biology are embedded within the larger domain of cyberbiosecurity. There remains a need for proactive approaches to the formulation of biochemical-security-oversight policy that would encompass developments at this interface of the life sciences and information technology.","PeriodicalId":35157,"journal":{"name":"Nonproliferation Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"459 - 473"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10736700.2020.1865632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41966929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Compliance mechanisms and their implementation: the contrast between the Biological and Chemical Weapons Conventions 遵守机制及其执行:《生物武器公约》与《化学武器公约》的对比

Nonproliferation Review Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1080/10736700.2020.1878666

M. Chevrier

{"title":"Compliance mechanisms and their implementation: the contrast between the Biological and Chemical Weapons Conventions","authors":"M. Chevrier","doi":"10.1080/10736700.2020.1878666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1878666","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) are key components of the international arms-control landscape. Yet the two conventions differ widely, particularly in the ways that are available to treaty parties to resolve any questions about compliance with the treaties. Both contain language concerning consultation and cooperation, but the CWC also has extensive procedures available to investigate allegations of noncompliance. This article reviews these differences in the conventions and explains, in part, how and why they came about. The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has engaged in several consultations regarding compliance issues, but the OPCW publishes virtually nothing about the topics of the consultations or their frequency, findings, or conclusions. An exception, perhaps, is the OPCW’s work regarding Syrian use of chemical weapons (CW). Moreover, thus far, no treaty party has called for a challenge inspection to officially investigate perhaps the most serious allegations of treaty violations: Syrian and Russian alleged use of CW. The BWC states parties conducted one formal consultation raised by Cuba, alleging that the United States dropped biological agents on the island nation from airplanes to cause an animal epidemic. The consultation reached no official conclusion. The article goes on to praise the work of Raymond Zilinskas debunking the allegations through a careful scientific review of the Cuban claims. The article discusses the consequences of secrecy surrounding the CWC consultation process and laments that the BWC does not have the institutional capacity to carry on the type of analysis that Zilinskas undertook discrediting the Cuban allegations.","PeriodicalId":35157,"journal":{"name":"Nonproliferation Review","volume":"27 1","pages":"475 - 486"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42017790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0