Astropolitics最新文献_第6页

Research viewpoint modernizing the outer space treaty for national appropriation 外空条约国家化的研究观点

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1789276

R. Wortman

{"title":"Research viewpoint modernizing the outer space treaty for national appropriation","authors":"R. Wortman","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1789276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1789276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Article II of the Outer Space Treaty requires a re-examination for applicability to the modern operating environment of space. This paper conducts this examination and analyzes multiple strategic visions for new approaches to national appropriation in space. Using Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats analytic methodology, four approaches to a rewrite of Article II are compared to determine a method most applicable for space activities. Variables used to assess each approach focus on palatability of member states to agree and ratify changes to Article II, as well as appropriate change to ensure Article II is modernized for today’s space industry. The results of the research reflect that both United Nations’ oversight through a strict allocation program and a non-regulated free prospecting model to encourage innovation are optimal. These approaches diverge in ideology and vision for how space should be regulated, though both reflect an appropriate level of change and opportunity for the space industry. Also, these two approaches minimize confusion by providing clear guidelines for resource and territorial rights. The analysis herein shows that a rational approach can be implemented when analyzing possible rewrites for Article II. On this basis, it is suggested that the United Nations conduct its own analysis to ensure the space industry is properly regulated.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"12 1","pages":"170 - 182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84479421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The South and NASA: Public Opinion Differences and Political Consequence 南方和美国国家航空航天局:公众意见分歧和政治后果

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1786303

W. Cobb

引用次数: 2

Insurance as Governance for Outer Space Activities 保险作为外层空间活动的治理

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1786300

Andrea J. Harrington

{"title":"Insurance as Governance for Outer Space Activities","authors":"Andrea J. Harrington","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1786300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1786300","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite sixty-plus years of technological development, space activities are still ultra-hazardous in nature. These activities range from essential to modern life, like telecommunications, to futuristic and forward thinking, such as space tourism. In order for these activities to not only continue but also develop and grow, their inherent risk must be managed. Political will is lacking at an international level to create new binding rules for activities in space. Likewise, states are reluctant to unilaterally impose stricter, even if ultimately beneficial, regulations on their entities for fear that their domestic industries will flee abroad to greener pastures, creating a regulatory prisoner’s dilemma. States also usually require certain levels of insurance and indemnification to protect themselves against potentially costly mishaps. Likewise, banks and investors will often require insurance to protect their investments, as space business tends to be costly. Thus, a disproportionate amount of responsibility and authority can be transferred to a small number of global space insurers. They may be uniquely positioned to enforce, or at least promote, mechanisms to increase safety and sustainability in the commercial space industry. Increasing safety and sustainability in outer space may help to keep insurance premium costs from growing out of control for these hazardous activities. This article analyzes the sociolegal literature on risk and insurance as governance and applies these concepts to the space sector, considering the possibility that space insurers have become de facto regulators in space and exploring the implications of that possibility.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"84 1","pages":"121 - 99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83816584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Viewpoint Research “Envoys of Mankind” in the Era of Commercial Human Spaceflight 商业载人航天时代“人类使者”的观点研究

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1787015

Vijay Kumar, S. Subramanian, K. Raju

引用次数: 0

Emerging Trends of Space Weaponization: India’s Quest for Space Weapons and Implications for Security in South Asia 空间武器化的新趋势:印度对空间武器的追求及其对南亚安全的影响

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1788902

Raja Qaiser Ahmed, M. Arif, Mahvish Malik

引用次数: 1

Atomic Salvation: A Case for Nuclear Planetary Defense 原子拯救:核行星防御的案例

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1719003

Bohumil Doboš, Jakub Pražák, Marie Němečková

引用次数: 4

Revolutionizing Space Warfare: “Power Star” Space Solar Power Concept 革命性的太空战争:“能量之星”空间太阳能概念

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1718999

T. Brown

引用次数: 2

Emergence of Jus Cogens Principles in Outer Space Law 外空法中强行法原则的出现

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1723353

Ekta Rathore, Biswanath Gupta

引用次数: 2

Threats to Peaceful Purposes of Outer Space: Politics and Law 对外层空间和平目的的威胁:政治与法律

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1729061

Ram S. Jakhu, Kuan-Wei Chen, B. Goswami

引用次数: 1

China in Space: The Great Leap Forward 中国在太空:大跃进

Astropolitics Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14777622.2020.1726002

Ahmad Khan

{"title":"China in Space: The Great Leap Forward","authors":"Ahmad Khan","doi":"10.1080/14777622.2020.1726002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14777622.2020.1726002","url":null,"abstract":"Space is a top strategic priority in China and vital to national power. This is reflected in the advances in China’s space program over the last two decades where China solidified its technological prowess to manufacture satellites at a rapid pace, as well as develop a reliable launching capability to lift payloads into different orbits. These technological developments are a result of China’s understanding of the strategic importance of space for civilian and military purposes. Chinese assets in space are growing with a variety of civilian and military satellites and applications. Currently, China is second in the world in terms of the number of operational satellites after the United States. China’s development of cost-effective space technology, as compared to Russia and the United States, opened a new avenue for space program cooperation with developing states. Above all, China’s space capabilities provide it with an opportunity to position and assert itself as a global power. Brian Harvey writes extensively on China. His previous two books entitled, The Chinese Space Program: From Conception to Future Capabilities and China’s Space Program: From Conception to Manned Spaceflight, were published in 1998 and 2004 respectively. In 2013, Harvey published another book on China, and in 2019 the second edition of this book under review here was released. Harvey’s consistency in publishing on China’s space program makes him an academic authority on Chinese space activities. The book under review comprises nine chapters, which compiles previous work and highlights technological development in the Chinese space program. A read of Harvey’s book provides an excellent opportunity to comprehensively understand the technology and projects of China’s space program. This adds to the body of literature on this topic.","PeriodicalId":35153,"journal":{"name":"Astropolitics","volume":"32 1","pages":"92 - 98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82500115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0