Viewpoint Research “Envoys of Mankind” in the Era of Commercial Human Spaceflight

ABSTRACT The physical presence of humans as astronauts beginning in 1961 highlights the collective achievement of humanity and opens up new avenues of outer space activities. Astronauts are granted the status of “envoys of mankind in outer space,” thereby making them eligible for certain protections and privileges. Today, in the era of commercial space, the applicability of these protections and privileges is questioned in regard to commercial human spaceflight and space tourism. In this context, the definition of astronauts is explored by assessing the various international legal documents on outer space, especially the Outer Space Treaty, Rescue Agreement, and the Liability Convention. This paper examines whether space tourists should be considered “astronauts” and “envoys of mankind.” The paper argues for a broader interpretation of the existing legal regime of outer space and suggests a new legal document for commercial human spaceflight.