Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report最新文献

{"title":"Likely impact of school and childcare closures on public health workforce during an influenza pandemic: a survey.","authors":"Craig B Dalton, David N Durrheim, Michael A Conroy","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.26","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During an influenza pandemic, public health staff may not report to work due to illness, transport disruptions or care responsibilities, including care of children if school closures occur. A survey was conducted in a population health unit to estimate the impact of closure of schools and day care facilities on staff ability to work at their usual workplace or at home, and determine their access to the Internet for communication. Staff were also asked about concerns associated with working from home. Eighty-seven staff completed a paper based survey. Thirty-eight per cent (33/87) of staff may be absent from work due to the impact of childcare and school closure, however 24 (73%) of these staff would be able to work from home with most having access to dial-up (87%) and broadband Internet access (71%). Staff reported concerns about potential exposure to pandemic influenza, the need for personal protection and clearly defined roles and training, availability of adequate equipment and technology to work from home, and sick leave provisions during a pandemic. While school and childcare closures will have a significant impact on public health agency staff, they have the capacity and willingness to work from home. Their practical concerns should be addressed to optimise their participation.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"261-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27654333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual report of the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme, 2007.","authors":"","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.20","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme (AGSP) monitors the antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in all states and territories. In 2007 the in vitro susceptibility of 3,042 isolates of gonococci from public and private sector sources was determined by standardised methods. The proportion of gonococci resistant to all antibiotics tested nationally was at historically high levels. Different antibiotic susceptibility patterns were again seen in the various iurisdictions and regions. Resistance to the penicillins nationally was at 38% and, with the exception of the Northern Territory, ranged between 24% in Western Australia and 54% in New South Wales. Quinolone resistance in gonococci also continued to increase that nationally 49% of all isolates were ciprofloxacin-resistant, and most of this resistance was at high MIC levels. Again with the Northern Territory excepted, proportions of quinolone resistant gonococci ranged between 26% in Western Australia and 65% in New South Wales. All isolates remained sensitive to spectinomycin. Approximately 1% of isolates showed some decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone (MIC 0.06 mg/L or more) and azithromycin resistance was present in low numbers of gonococci. A high proportion of gonococci examined in larger urban centres were from male patients and rectal and pharyngeal isolates were common. In other centres and in rural Australia the male to female ratio of cases was lower, and most isolates were from the genital tract.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"227-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27653901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annual report of the National Influenza Surveillance Scheme, 2007.","authors":"Rhonda Owen, Ian G Barr, Andrew Pengilley, Conan Liu, Bev Paterson, Marlena Kaczmarek","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.19","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The year 2007 saw the most severe influenza season since national reporting of influenza began in 2001. Early in the season the National Incident Room was activated to provide effective national surveillance, reporting and management of the 2007 seasonal influenza outbreak. A surveillance team were tasked with establishing enhanced surveillance for the 2007 season and investigating unusual events in this outbreak. Key data required to comprehensively describe the number of cases, morbidity, mortality and virology of the influenza outbreak and the possible sources of these data were identified. In 2007 the number of laboratory-confirmed notifications for influenza was 3.1 times higher than the five-year mean. Forty-four per cent of notifications occurred in Queensland. High notification rates were reflected in an increase in presentations with influenza-like illness to sentinel general practices and Emergency Departments. Notifications and notification rates were highest in the 0-4 and 5-9 years age groups, possibly due to a bias towards testing in these age groups. The clinical morbidity of the infection in terms of complications or most affected groups cannot be determined but anecdotal reports indicate this season may have impacted young adults more than is usual. The available data suggest influenza has caused a significant burden on workplaces and the health care system as indicated by data on absenteeism and presentations for health care. The proportion of H1 strains of influenza circulating varied across Australia but was higher than 2006 in most jurisdictions. In 2007, 1,406 influenza isolates from Australia were antigenically analysed at the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in Melbourne: 58.7% were A(H3N2), 34.4% were A(H1N1) and 6.9% were influenza B viruses. Antigenic drift away from the vaccine strain A/Wisconsin/67/2005 was observed with the A(H3N2) viruses and was also seen with most of the A(H1N1) viruses when compared with the vaccine strain A/New Caledonia/20/99. The small number of influenza B viruses examined were predominately of the B/Yamagata-lineage. Monitoring influenza through the National Incident Room during the 2007 season offered an excellent opportunity to conduct enhanced surveillance under conditions that were real and potentially serious but not an emergency. It enabled the current state of our surveillance systems to be assessed and opportunities for improvement to be identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"208-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27653900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Australia: 2008.","authors":"Genevieve M Klug, Alison Boyd, Victoria Lewis, Amelia R McGlade, Helene Roberts, Samantha L Douglass, Colin L Masters, Steven J Collins","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.21","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Australia-wide surveillance of all human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) is performed by the Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry (ANCJDR), since establishment in October 1993. During the surveillance period 1 April 2007 to 31 March 2008, the ANCJDR received 78 new suspect case notifications of TSEs (67 in 2007, 13 in 2008). This level of suspect case notification aligns with the previous 2006/2007 surveillance period, which was elevated in comparison to the previous 5 years. Based on the total number of probable and definite Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) cases, encompassing retrospective cases to 1970 and prospectively ascertained cases from 1993 to 31 March 2008, the average age-adjusted mortality rate is 1.16 deaths per million per year. In this short report, we provide updated Australian TSE figures and describe recent changes in surveillance mechanisms and review their impact on case notifications and eventual CJD classification.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"232-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27654328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OzFoodNet quarterly report, 1 October to 31 December 2007.","authors":"","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.15","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"99-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27479780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis in Australia: bacteriologically confirmed cases and drug resistance, 2006 a report of the Australian Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory Network.","authors":"Richard Lumb, Ivan Bastian, Chris Gilpin, Peter Jelfs, Terillee Keehner, Aina Sievers","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.2","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In 2006, the Australian Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory Network identified 905 bacteriologically confirmed cases of disease caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The annual reporting rate was 4.4 cases per 100,000 population. Of the 905 isolates, 903 were Mycobacterium tuberculosis and two were Mycobacterium bovis. Fourteen children aged under 10 years (male n = 5, female n = 9) had bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis. A total of 100 (11.1%) isolates of M. tuberculosis were resistant to at least one first-line anti-tuberculosis agent. Resistance to at least H and R (defined as multi-drug resistant--MDR) was detected in 22 (2.4%) M. tuberculosis isolates. Of the 22 MDR-TB isolates, 17 were from the respiratory tract (sputum n = 11 bronchoscopy n = 5, nasogastric aspirate n = 1), three from lymph node, one from a sacral mass, and one sterile site fluid. Smear-positive specimens from the MDR-TB cases were found in sputum (n = 6), lymph node (n = 2), and one each of bronchoscopy and nasogastric aspirate specimens. The country of birth was known for all 100 cases with a drug-resistant isolate; 10 of whom were born in Australia. The 90 overseas-born cases with drug-resistant disease were from 27 countries. Two Australian-born cases had MDR-TB; one had worked extensively in the Philippines; the other was a contact of a known MDR-TB case. No cases of extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) were identified in 2006. However, an on-going review of laboratory data identified one case of XDR-TB in 2004.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"12-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27479701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza viruses with reduced sensitivity to the neuraminidase inhibitor drugs in untreated young children.","authors":"Aeron C Hurt, Ian G Barr","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.7","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The neuraminidase inhibitors are a class of antiviral drugs used for both the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza infections. Clinical trials of these inhibitors detected a low level of resistant viruses from treated individuals, although a higher frequency was detected in children (5%-6%) compared to adults (1%-4%). In addition, there have been some previous reports of NA inhibitor resistant viruses being isolated from untreated individuals. Here we report on the NA inhibitor sensitivity of over 1,000 influenza isolates collected through the World Health Organization (WHO) global influenza surveillance program. Of the total number of viruses analysed, only 2 (0.2%) strains (an A(H1N1) strain and an influenza B strain) were considered to have a significant reduction in sensitivity to at least one of the neuraminidase inhibitor drugs. Interestingly, both of these strains were isolated from untreated patients in the youngest age cohort (less than 2 years). Although the influenza B strain is unlikely to be clinically resistant, the A(H1N1) virus contained the same His274Tyr neuraminidase mutation that has been observed in resistant mutants following oseltamivir treatment. Given these results it may be important to enhance neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility testing of viruses from patients in the less than two years cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"57-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27479705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A norovirus outbreak associated with consumption of NSW oysters: implications for quality assurance systems.","authors":"Clare Huppatz, Sally A Munnoch, Tory Worgan, Tony D Merritt, Craig Dalton, Paul M Kelly, David N Durrheim","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.12","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Norovirus is a common cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks associated with raw shellfish consumption. In Australia there have been several reports of norovirus outbreaks associated with oysters despite the application of regulatory measures recommended by Food Standards Australia New Zealand. This study describes an outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis following the consumption of New South Wales oysters. In September 2007, OzFoodNet conducted a cohort study of a gastroenteritis outbreak amongst people that had dined at a Port Macquarie restaurant. Illness was strongly associated with oyster consumption, with all cases having eaten oysters from the same lease (RR undefined, p < 0.0001). Norovirus was detected in a faecal specimen. Although no pathogen was identified during the environmental investigation, the source oyster lease had been closed just prior to harvesting due to sewage contamination. Australian quality assurance programs do not routinely test oysters for viral contamination that pose a risk to human health. It is recommended that the feasibility of testing oysters for norovirus, particularly after known faecal contamination of oyster leases, be assessed.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"88-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27477825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the WHO Western Pacific Region, 2006.","authors":"","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.5","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (WHO WPR GASP) examined approximately 8,400 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 16 countries for resistance to relevant antibiotics in 2006. Antimicrobial resistance was at record levels in the region and poses major problems for the management of this important disease. High rates of resistance to penicillins and quinolones persisted. Gonococci 'non-susceptible' to third generation cephalosporins were found in several centres. There were infrequent instances of spectinomycin resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"48-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27479779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"School-based vaccinations delivered by general practice in rural north Queensland: an evaluation of a new human papilloma virus vaccination program.","authors":"Carole Reeve, Stephanie De La Rue, Dennis Pashen, Margaret Culpan, Tracy Cheffins","doi":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.14","DOIUrl":"10.33321/cdi.2008.32.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A local general practice was contracted to provide the school-based immunisation program over two years in Mount Isa, Queensland. The schedule was for female Year 10, 11 and 12 students to receive three doses of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination (Gardasil). This was provided as part of the broader immunisation program that involved providing Year 8 students with two doses of hepatitis B vaccination and one dose of varicella-zoster, and Year 10 students with one dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTPa). Data were collected on the number of consent forms returned and how many declined vaccination, how many students were vaccinated and those requiring catch-up vaccinations, as well as the total number completing the full course of immunisations. Adverse events were also recorded. The total cohort of girls eligible for HPV vaccination was 304 (consented to vaccination--275 (90%), declined vaccination--13 (4%), coverage for first HPV dose--89%, coverage for second HPV dose--88%, coverage for third HPV dose--79%). When compared with other adolescent vaccinations given concurrently as part of the broader vaccination program, HPV coverage was higher. There were only three significant adverse events. Three girls fainted at the time of immunisation but recovered immediately. The HPV immunisation had a good uptake and was well tolerated. Integrating school immunisation provision with general practice provides continuity with preschool immunisations and provides a convenient location for parents to bring children who have missed out on immunisations or would like to discuss the immunisation program</p>","PeriodicalId":350023,"journal":{"name":"Communicable diseases intelligence quarterly report","volume":" ","pages":"94-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27477827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}