Journal of Water Resources Research最新文献

{"title":"生态需水计算方法综述 Overview of Calculation Method for Ecological Water Requirement","authors":"毛熹, 张杰豪, 罗婷, 梁心蓝, 周俊宇, 任文杰","doi":"10.12677/JWRR.2017.63025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JWRR.2017.63025","url":null,"abstract":"水力发电改变了流量的时空分布规律。电站的运行将使坝下河段水文情势发生变化，给水生生境带来较大的负面影响。关于河流生态需水量确定方法的研究，是水利工程、环境工程等学科的研究热点和难点。经过对相关文献进行的翔实调查与总结，本文对生态需水研究的国内外现状进行了较为详细的阐述，并提出了对未来研究的展望。 Power generated by hydropower stations changes the spatial and temporal distributions of flow. The hydrological regime of river reaches at the downstream of the dam is changed by the operation of power stations, which will bring tremendous negative impact on the aquatic ecology. The research on the method of determining the ecological water requirement of river is the hot spot and difficulty in the research of water conservancy and environmental engineering. After a detailed survey and summary of relevant literatures, this paper gives a detailed description of the current situation of ecological water requirement in China and abroad, and puts forward the prospects for future research.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115125478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development Condition and Prevention Countermeasure of Glacier Debris Flow in the Aierkuran Gully along the Sino-Pakistan Highway","authors":"魏 学利","doi":"10.12677/jwrr.2017.62014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/jwrr.2017.62014","url":null,"abstract":"以中巴公路K1601处艾尔库然沟为研究对象，分析艾尔库然沟冰川泥石流的形成条件和起动模式，初步提出合理的防治模式和治理对策。研究发现：艾尔库然沟物源为集中供给型，主要分布在出山口老堆积扇，总方量约为12.7 × 105 m3，其中动储量为36.8 × 104 m3，夏季大量冰川融水沿陡峭岩质山坡(>40˚)倾泻而下，高位势能瞬间转化为强大水流动能，沿大比降沟道(363-176‰)冲刷堆积扇松散物质，在较短时间形成规模较大泥石流，其起动模式可归纳为冲刷起动型和淤塞溃决型两种。结合泥石流形成条件、沟道地形地貌及泥石流危害形式等，提出顺直排泄+梯级降能+主河输移的防治模式，主要工程措施包括铅丝笼浅槛群和堆石导流堤等。研究结果可为中巴公路沿线冰川泥石流的防治提供参考依据。 The Aierkuran gully locating on the Sino-Pakistan Highway K1601 was selected as the case study. The formation conditions and startup mode of the glacial debris flow were analyzed, and a reasonable and effective prevention measure was proposed preliminarily. The results show that the material sources of debris flow in the Aierkuran gully belonged to the central supplying type, and are mainly distributed in the old accumulation fan out of the mountain. The total volume of material sources is about 12.7 × 105 m3, and the dynamic storage is about 36.8 × 104 m3. The large numbers of glacier melt water poured down along the steep rock slope (>40˚) in summer. The high potential energy is transformed into strong flow kinetic energy immediately, which flushes the loose materials of the alluvial fan along the steep slope (363-176‰) gully, and further a large-scale debris flow would be triggered. The startup mode can be summed up as scour-start type and blockage-outburst type. Combining with the formation conditions, the gully topography and the destruction form, etc., the control mode of “direct and straight draining + cascade energy lowering + main river transporting” is suggested and the main control measures included the ground sills and the enrockment diversion dike. The results will provide the reference base for preventing the glacial debris flow along the Sino-Pakistan Highway.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130317906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"城市暴雨强度公式编制与分析研究 Parameters Calculation and Study of Urban Rainstorm Intensity Formula","authors":"夏守先, 张善余, 汪滨海","doi":"10.12677/JWRR.2017.62023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JWRR.2017.62023","url":null,"abstract":"为提高城市防洪能力，防控城市内涝，用近年长系列有代表性的可靠的降雨资料，建立符合当地客观实际的城市暴雨强度公式，并籍此计算相应较高标准的设计暴雨强度和设计流量。本文以黄山市为例，研究了城市暴雨频率p-III型分布参数的推求和建立暴雨公式方法及年次频率的转换。论证了城市暴雨公式的频率分布是p-III型分布α = 1或Cs = 2时的特例，形式简单，仅两个参数，从而提出频率曲线的适线技巧，操作更加方便，并按照超定量系列的分布趋势，分段适线，对各历时的频率曲线进行了平衡协调等，使频率曲线更为合理，精度更高，误差更小。同时介绍了Cv值的调整与计算方法及年多个样法的频率转换公式，并进行优越性评价与比较。 In order to improve the urban flood control capacity and prevent urban waterlogging, typical and reliable rainfall data collected in recent years are analyzed to set up an urban rainstorm intensity formula in accordance with the practical situation and on which the calculation of a comparatively high standard storm intensity and design water flow is based. Taking Huangshan City as an example, the paper calculates the urban rainstorm frequency distribution model of p-III type parameters and establishes rain- storm formula method and frequency conversion in frequency and time. It demonstrates that the frequency distribution of urban rainstorm formula is a special case of p-III distribution when α = 1 or Cs = 2. The frequency distribution has a simple form, only two parameters. And then the frequency curve line technique is put forward, operating more convenient. According to the distribution trend of super quantitative series, piecewise line, frequency curve of the last balance coordination, etc., the frequency curve with higher precision, less error is more reasonable. Meanwhile, the adjustment and calculation of Cv and yearly multiple frequency conversion formula are mentioned, so as to evaluate and compare the corresponding advantages and disadvantages.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114664065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"水库和泵站群的多目标联合调度研究 Multi-Objectives Joint Operation of Reservoirs and Pumping Stations","authors":"马旭, 白涛, 秦涛, 畅建霞","doi":"10.12677/JWRR.2017.62016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JWRR.2017.62016","url":null,"abstract":"为了验证设计报告中设计值的合理性及初拟运行方式的可行性，提高水资源利用效率，本文以引汉济渭工程调水区黄金峡水库和三河口水库及其泵站群为研究对象，建立了兼顾调水量最大与梯级发电量最大的多目标优化调度模型，采用NSGA-II求解模型。同时，为了凸显优化模型的优越性，建立求解了常规调度模型作为对照模型。通过模型分析计算，论证了设计值的合理性，揭示了初拟调度运行方式的可行性。结果表明：多目标联合优化调度提高了径流利用程度和利用效率，显著增加了调水量和发电量。研究成果获得调水区水库群不同典型年的多目标均衡解，为引汉济渭调水区水库群及其泵站的运行提供了技术支撑，为实现水库群多目标运行调度提供理论依据。 To verify the rationality of the design value in the design report and improve the water use efficiency, the feasibility of the preliminary operation mode, the Huangjinxia and Sanhekou reservoirs and pumping stations of the water diversion project from the Han to the Wei River were selected as the targets in this paper. Multi-objective joint operation model with the largest amount of water transfer and the maximum power generation is established and solved by NSGA-II. To highlight the advantages of optimizing the model, conventional operation model was established as a comparison model. Moreover, reasonability of design value is certified and feasibility of the initial operation rule is revealed by model analysis and calculation. Results showed that the multi-objective joint operation improved the runoff utilization efficiency and increased the amount of water and power generation. Achievements obtained multi-objective equilibrium solution of reservoirs with different typical years, which provided a technical support for the operation of reservoirs and pumping stations, and provided the theoretical basis for reservoirs multi-objective operation.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115279285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Objective Reservoir Operation under Different Ecological Processes","authors":"哈 燕萍","doi":"10.12677/jwrr.2017.62015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/jwrr.2017.62015","url":null,"abstract":"针对汉江干流水质差、自净能力不足、生态流量难以保证等诸多生态问题，以汉江上游流域内调节性能最好的安康水库为调节手段，将河道基流、自净、冲淤平衡和生物生长的流量进行耦合得到不同生态径流过程作为生态目标。建立发电量最大、生态缺水量最小和兼顾发电和生态的多目标模型，分别采用GA和NSGA-II求解结果表明：1) 生态缺水量最小模型比发电量最大模型发电量减少了1%，生态保证率提高了5%，加入生态目标后，损失较少的发电量即可满足河道生态流量的现状需求；2) 各单目标模型的结果落在了多目标Pareto曲线上，曲线的分段性特征论证了单、多目标结果的准确性和可靠性；3) 以生态发电损益比k评价了各生态径流过程对发电的影响，推荐200%生态径流过程作为未来环境变化下的生态流量过程；4) 制定了生态控制水位限制条件下的生态调度规则，为安康水库生态调度提供技术支撑。 Ecological problems, such as poor water quality, lack of self-purification ability and difficulties in ensuring the ecological flow, have been appeared frequently in Hanjiang River Basin. Ankang reservoir, with the largest capacity in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River, was chosen as the case study in this paper. Different ecological flow processes were obtained according to the river base flow, self-purification, sedimentation balance and the biological growth, and were considered as the ecological target of reservoir operation. Single objective models maximized power generation and minimized ecological water shortage and a multi-objective model considering the two objectives were established and solved by Genetic algorithms (GA) and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II), respectively. It is shown that: 1) Compared with the operation model maximized power generation, the model minimized ecological water shortage reduced power generation by 1% and increased ecological guarantee rate by 5%, by which the present ecological requirements can be satisfied under sacrificed less power generation after taking account into ecological target; 2) Results of the single-objective model fall on the multi-objective Pareto curve, and the segmentation characteristics of the curve demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the single and multi-objective results; 3) The impact of ecological runoff generation on power generation was evaluated by Loss-benefit ratio of ecology and power generation k, and 200% ecological runoff process was recommended as the ecological flow process under environmental change; 4) The ecological scheduling rules under the condition of ecological control water level are formulated, which provides technical support for intuitively and effectively guiding the ecological dispatching of Ankang reservoir.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"234 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122623107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"基于MIKE11的汉江上游洪水演进规律研究 Study on Flood Propagation in the Upstream of Hanjiang River Using MIKE11 Model","authors":"高超, 白涛, 杨旺旺, 畅建霞, 张飒","doi":"10.12677/JWRR.2017.62019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JWRR.2017.62019","url":null,"abstract":"为克服传统的河道洪水演进模型中存在的人为误差和模拟精度低的问题，引入MIKE11对河道洪水过程进行数值模拟，分析区间洪水传播时间和流量演进规律。以汉江上游河段为例，分别建立MIKE11HD和马斯京根的洪水演进模型。结果对比表明：MIKE11不仅可应用于汉江流域的洪水模拟，且模拟结果达到了甲级预报精度，计算结果验证了MIKE11模型的可靠性、准确性。将两种模型结果和实测数据进行对比，绘制了安康电站–蜀河电站的流量与传播时间的函数关系，揭示了洪水演进规律。研究成果为实现下游河道防洪、旬阳水库建设、梯级水库调度运行的安全提供科学依据。 In order to overcome the shortcomings of artificial error and low precision in the traditional flood routing models, the MIKE11 was used to simulate the flood process of watercourse and analyze the flood propagation time and discharge evolution rule. Taking the upstream of Hanjiang River as an example, the MIKE11 HD flood evolution model and Muskingum method were established, respectively. The results show that the MIKE11 HD not only can be applied to flood simulation in the upstream of Hanjiang River, but also reaches the first-order accuracy. The calculated results confirm the reliability and accuracy of the MIKE11 HD model. By comparing the results of the two models with the measured data, the function relationship between the flow and the propagation time of Ankang-Shuhe hydropower stations are plotted, and the law of flood evolution is revealed. These results provide scientific basis for the safety of downstream flood control, construction of Xunyang reservoir, and operation of cascade reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121813889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"多元信息耦合的致灾山洪降雨预报方法 Forecasting of Flash-Flood-Producing Precipitation by Coupling Multiple Sources of Information","authors":"熊明, 杨文发, 李俊, 周北平, 訾丽","doi":"10.12677/JWRR.2017.62013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JWRR.2017.62013","url":null,"abstract":"雷达预估信息(0~2 h)、数值天气预报产品(0~72 h)及基于高空和地面大气探测资料的综合预报信息(0~24 h)在不同预见期的降雨预报各有差异，预报效果上各有优劣，而针对山洪的预报存在准确率低、预警有效时间短等问题，研究面向山洪灾害防治区的数值预报模式的选取、模式最优物理参数化组合方案、同化方案、降水偏差订正技术以及基于大数据的自分型雷达估测降水最优化算法。以湖南临湘市为试验区进行验证，结果表明：WRF中尺度数值模式适用于山洪灾害降雨预报，其WSM6云微物理过程、Grell-Devenyi ensemble对流参数化方案和YSU边界层参数方案对致洪山洪暴雨过程模拟较好，基于频率(或面积)匹配的降水偏差订正方法能显著改善模式降水预报中雨量和雨区范围的系统性偏差，大数据分析方法应用于雷达估测降雨能显著提高准确度。在此研究基础上，提出了基于高空和地面大气探测、数值预报模式的0~72 h短期定量降雨预报和基于雷达的0~2 h临近定量降雨预报的多元信息耦合预报方法，将对致灾山洪的预报时间由2 h延长至72 h，并可显著提高了山洪预报的精度。 The precipitation forecasts from radar and satellite cloud pictures (with a lead time of 0 - 2 h), from upper air and ground surface atmospheric sounding (with a lead time of 0 - 24 h) and from numerical forecasting mode (with a lead time of 0 - 72 h) have different forecast effect in different forecast pe-riods. Considering the short lead time and low accuracy forecast for early warning of mountain tor-rents, study on the numerical forecasting model, the model’s optimized combination of parameters, data assimilation, correcting the errors on forecasted rainfall in flash-flood affected region and an op-timized calculating method based on big data for radar monitoring precipitation. Linxiang City of Hu-nan Province was selected as experimental area and the results show that the WRF numerical forecast is more suitable for the forecast of disasters including mountain torrents. Among them, WSM6 cloud microphysical process, Grell-Devenyi ensemble convective parameterization scheme and YSU boun-dary layer parameter configuration scheme can greatly simulate the process of mountain torrents and storm causing a flood, precipitation deviation correction method based on frequency (or area) match can considerably improve the systematic deviation in the rainfall and scope of rain area in the preci-pitation forecast, the big data analysis method used in radar rainfall forecast can remarkably improve the accuracy. A forecasting disastrous flash floods method has been proposed by coupling upper air and ground surface atmospheric sounding, the 0 - 72 h short-term quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF) from numerical forecasting mode and the 0 - 2 h nowcast QPF based on radar, which helps to increase the lead time of flash flooding forecasts from 2 h to 72 h and enhance significantly the fore-casting accuracy.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117173075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"石羊河出山径流量演变特征及其大尺度水分背景 The Characteristics of Mountainous Runoff in Shiyang River Basin and Its Spatial Correlation with the Large-Scale Moisture Field","authors":"侯迎, 郑芳, 邵议, 朱梦君","doi":"10.12677/JWRR.2017.62020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JWRR.2017.62020","url":null,"abstract":"在以降水补给为主的石羊河流域，探讨地表径流形成和径流量丰枯变化的大尺度水分背景具有重要意义。基于径流量、CRU降水量(TS3.24)和各时间尺度标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI, CSIC v2.4)资料，利用Mann-Kendall趋势分析、小波分析及空间相关分析等方法，探讨出山径流量的演变特征及其与大尺度水分场的空间关联。结果表明：在20世纪后半段，出山径流量显著减少，在21世纪初，又呈现不同程度的增加趋势。在1962~1967、1970~1976、1991~2001年以偏枯为主，1956~1961、1976~1990、2002~2012年以偏丰为主。出山径流量具有显著的2-4a周期(1960s、1970s初)，夏季和年径流量还具有显著的准4a周期(1980s末、1990s)。影响春季径流形成和丰枯变化的水分关键区在河西走廊中东部；影响秋季径流的关键区域在青藏高原东北缘和河西走廊东部，核心区位于100˚E~105˚E，33˚N~41˚N；影响夏季和年径流的关键区域在东亚夏季风北边缘，核心区位于100˚E~110˚E，33˚N~42˚N，呈东北–西南走向。 In the Shiyang River basin, which is mainly supplied with precipitation, it is important to discuss the large- scale moisture background of surface runoff variation. Based on the runoff, CRU precipitation field (TS 3.24) and SPEI field (CSIC v2.4) on different time scales, the evolution characteristics of mountainous runoff and its spatial correlation with the large-scale moisture field were discussed utilizing Mann-Kendall trend analysis, wavelet analysis and spatial correlation analysis. The results show that in the second half of the 20th century, the mountainous runoff is significantly reduced, in the early 21st century, and show increasing trend at different significant levels. Annual mountainous runoff series contain the severe dry periods (during 1962-1967, 1970-1976 and 1991-2001) and three significant wet periods (1956-1961, 1976-1990 and 2002-2012) for nearly 60 years. The dominant periods of mountainous runoff calculated by wavelet analysis were 2 - 3 years (1960s and early 1970s), the dominant periods of summer and annual mountainous runoff were quasi-4 years (late 1980s and 1990s). The key areas of moisture field influencing spring mountainous runoff variation are in the middle and east of Hexi Corridor; the key areas affecting autumn mountainous runoff variation are the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the eastern part of the Hexi Corridor, with the core area at 100˚E - 105˚E and 33˚N - 41˚N; the key areas affecting summer and annual mountainous runoff variation are the northeastern part of the East Asian summer monsoon and the northeast-southwest direction of the core area at 100˚E - 110˚E and 33˚N - 42˚N.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127216354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Typical Wetlands Degradation Factors in Liao River Basin","authors":"李 玉宛","doi":"10.12677/JWRR.2017.62021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JWRR.2017.62021","url":null,"abstract":"近些年来，由于自然因素和人为干扰影响，辽河流域湿地退化严重，湿地功能减弱。为了分析辽河流域湿地主要退化影响因素，本文选取辽河流域典型湿地(盘锦湿地、蒲河湿地及莲花湖湿地)为主要研究对象，分别分析了三个典型湿地景观类型变化特征及退化原因。结果表明，盘锦湿地和蒲河湿地景观类型变化特征相似，为草地和建筑用地面积增加，湿地面积减少，耕地面积先增加减少。退化原因不尽相同，盘锦湿地主要影响因素为气温升高和蒸发量增加的气候因子，和建筑用地增加，农业水产养殖业的发展及原油开采的人工干扰；蒲河湿地退化的自然因素为天然水资源严重不足，人为干扰主要包括蒲河流域点、面、源的污染，蒲河上游蓄水工程的建设以及蒲河两岸垃圾堆放等。莲花湖湿地，草地和建筑用地面积明显增加，而耕地面积逐年减少，湿地和林地均先减少后增加。其退化的主要影响因素为水源补给河流受影响，如凡河等水质污染严重，经济的发展和铁岭新城区的建设。 In recent years, wetland degradation in the Liaohe River basin is serious and the wetland function is weakened due to the natural and human factors. In order to analyze the main factors affecting wetlands, the typical wetlands (Panjin wetland, Puhe wetland and Lianhua Lake wetland) in Liaohe River basin were selected and analyzed the characteristics of three types of typical wetland landscape and the causes of degradation. The results show that the variation of landscape characteristics of Panjin wetland and Puhe wetland are similar, which are showed as the area of grassland and construction land increased, the area of wetland decreased and the area of cultivated land increased firstly and then decreased. The main factors affecting Panjin wetland are the climatic factors, such as the increase of temperature and evaporation, and human disturbance including the increase of construction land, the development of agricultural aquaculture and the crude oil exploitation. The natural factors of Puhe wetland degradation are serious shortage of resources of natural water, human disturbance, including point, surface and source pollution of Puhe River Basin, Puhe River upstream water conservancy construction and the Puhe River rubbish and so on. As for Lianhua lake wetland, grassland and construction land area increased significantly, while the cultivated land area decreased year by year and wetland and woodland are reduced after increasing. The main influencing factors of degradation are serious water pollution of supplying river such as Fan River, economic development and Tieling new city construction.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115629305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water Use Efficiency Assessment of Chinese Provinces Based on a Data Envelopment Analysis Model with Undesirable Outputs","authors":"张 旭腾","doi":"10.12677/JWRR.2017.62017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12677/JWRR.2017.62017","url":null,"abstract":"用水效率是水资源利用的核心，科学评价用水效率对提高区域可持续水资源管理具有重要的指导意义。本文应用数据包络分析(DEA)理论，基于用水的期望输出(直接经济价值)和非期望输出(污水排放污染环境)双重视角选择评价指标，构建了具有非期望输出的超效率DEA模型，对用水效率进行更为合理的评价。利用该模型，对1998~2012年全国各省逐年的用水效率进行计算，结果显示，北京、天津等13个省份用水效率水平较高；广东、广西等5个省份用水效率水平较低。分析表明，多数省份用水效率值及其相对高低受污水排放的影响，减少排放可提高效率。此外，通过投影分析，确定当前与效率最优状态下各指标之间的差距，为各指标的合理调整提供依据。本文研究结果通过文献调研得以印证，可对用水效率的评价和提高提供合理指导。 Water use efficiency is the core issue of sustainable water resources management, which needs to be properly assessment. This paper uses the data envelopment analysis (DEA) theory and builds a super DEA model with undesirable outputs by choosing indicators including both the desirable outputs (the direct economic value) and the undesirable outputs (the sewage and pollution). Using this model, we calculated the water use efficiency at provincial level in China during 1998-2012, and calculated the difference between the actual indicators and the indicators when the efficiency is the best with the method of projection analysis. The results indicate that the water use efficiency is relatively high in 13 provinces, such as Beijing and Tianjin; and the efficiency is relatively low in 5 provinces such as Guangdong and Guangxi. The efficiency in most of the provinces is affected by the sewage which will be raised if the sewage amount decreases. In addition, projection analysis result provides the basis for efficiency improve- ment by means of indicators adjustment.","PeriodicalId":349946,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Water Resources Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127702443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}