Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi最新文献

{"title":"Two Imported Malaria Cases with Delayed Response to Treatment in Hatay.","authors":"Tuğba Kaya, Mehmet Çabalak, Gülnaz Çulha, Ceren Ünal","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.25633","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.25633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study presents two imported malaria cases with a history of travel to malaria-endemic areas and replied late response to treatment. In the blood preparations of the first case, dot-shaped nucleus structures were identified in the erythrocytes, which looked different from the classical erythrocytic forms. In the SD-Pf/Pan test, bands were obtained for both P.f and Pan; while in the SD-Pf/Pv test, a band was obtained for P.f. The <i>P. falciparum</i> 18S rRNA gene was detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Artemether-lumefantrine treatment protocol was started. Due to deterioration in general condition on the third day, artemether-lumefantrine treatment was extended to six days, and primaquine phosphate was added. Discharge was on the 16^th day of treatment. In the second case, young trophozoites were identified in blood smears. Bands in P.f were obtained in both the SD-Pf/Pan and SD-Pf/Pv tests. Artemether-lumefantrine treatment protocol was started. On the third day of treatment, banana-like gametocytes were observed in blood smears. The patient was discharged at his own request and two days later, upon follow-up, gametocytes were still observed in blood smears. Artemether-lumefantrine treatment was restarted. Gametocytes continued to be observed in the following days. Primaquine phosphate was added to the treatment protocol. The patient was discharged after a 3-week follow-up. The study is presented to draw attention to the increasing cases of imported malaria in Hatay and the increase of malaria cases that respond late to treatment in recent years.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 4","pages":"256-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Cystic Echinococcosis Knowledge Levels of Animal Breeders and Butchers in Ardahan Province in Türkiye.","authors":"Edanur Gündüz Alan, Nilgün Aydın","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.58661","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.58661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to ascertain the knowledge level of animal breeders and butchers regarding cystic echinococcosis (CE) in the Ardahan province and its districts situated in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the potential risk factors that may contribute to the occurrence of the disease.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The research was conducted between November 2021 and May 2022. A total of 402 animal breeders and 23 butchers participated in the survey. In order to ascertain the extent of awareness regarding CE, a series of multiple-choice questions were administered in a face-to-face setting.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Upon evaluation of the data obtained from the research in a socio-demographic context, it shows that people's awareness of CE increases with age, and women have the most knowledge on this subject (45.85%). A total of 71.76% (305/425) of participants reported owning a dog. Of these, 48.52% (148/305) typically feed their dog food waste. Additionally, 58.03% (177/305) of dog owners do not regularly take their dogs to the vet. The animals were slaughtered by the participants (53.65%; 228/425), and the infected organs found during slaughter were destroyed by deep burial (72.81%; 166/228). The majority of participants (93.41%; 397/425) expressed a desire to gain further insight into the subject.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was thus established that the districts and province of Ardahan are deficient in the availability of information regarding CE among animal breeders and butchers. It was therefore concluded that the inhabitants of the aforementioned region should be made aware of CE and other zoonotic diseases prevalent in the Ardahan province.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 4","pages":"228-239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Canine Leishmaniasis and the Treatment Trends of Veterinarians in Aegean Region of Türkiye: A Questionnaire-based Survey.","authors":"Metin Pekağırbaş, Mehmet Karakuş, Elif Dönmez, Hüseyin Gökhan Özdemir, Yusuf Özbel, Seray Töz","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.85547","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.85547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is an important veterinary and public health problem in Mediterranean countries. Although CanL and vector sandflies are widespread in the study area, there are no standardized diagnostic and treatment methods followed by private clinics. This study aimed to survey (i) the treatment, diagnosis, and control measures preferred by veterinarians, (ii) compare the differences in the first-step diagnostic tests applied, and (iii) identify differences in the guidance for CanL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was conducted between August 2017 and 2019, and an accessible weblink was distributed to veterinary clinics that were registered with the Veterinary Affairs of İzmir. The questionnaire was prepared by following published guidelines and several CanL guidelines and comprised 13 questions. A total of 103 veterinarians voluntarily participated in the study and completed the questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most of the clinicians (n=99; 96.1%) reported that localized alopecia was one of the most common clinical findings in the suspicion of CanL, while only four clinician did not consider this finding in the suspicion of CanL. According to the answers received, 41 clinician (39.8%) frequently observed this finding in CanL-suspected cases, 49 clinician (47.6%) observed it occasionally, and nine clinician (8.7%) rarely observed this finding. The findings of the study indicate that a minority of clinicians employ advanced diagnostic techniques.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results demonstrate that veterinarians play a unifying role in the fight against CanL. However, the preference for less advanced diagnostic methods over those employed by their European counterparts may result in insufficient detection of particularly asymptomatic patients. It is therefore necessary to validate rapid diagnostic tests, which are the most used method for diagnosing the disease. Furthermore, there is a need to increase awareness of the disease among patient owners and veterinarians in regions where it is endemic, and to recognise it as a notifiable disease in Türkiye.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 4","pages":"208-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency and Distribution of Parasites Detected in Children Between 2017-2022 (6-year Period).","authors":"Yelda Sorguç","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.84756","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.84756","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>In the study, various complaints such as gastrointestinal complaints such as diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, night urination, itching around the anus, malnutrition, malabsorption, anemia, intelligence and developmental delay were reported to University of Health Sciences Türkiye, Dr. Behçet Uz Pediatric Diseases and Surgery Training and Researhc Hospital, Microbiology Laboratory between 2017 and 2022. It was aimed to determine the frequency and distribution of intestinal parasites in patients presenting with clinical symptoms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the study, the results of 33,249 stool and 3499 cellophane tape samples sent to the microbiology laboratory between January 2017 and September 2022 were evaluated. The stool samples were examined with saline-Lugol, modified Kinyoun acidfast and trichrome staining methods.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Parasites were detected in the stool samples of 1.8% of a total of 36,748 patients. The intestinal parasite detected at the highest rate was <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> (67%). In order of frequency: <i>Enterobius vermicularis</i> (19%), <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> (12%), <i>Ascaris lumbricoides</i> (0.6%), <i>Hymenolepis nana</i> (0.2%) <i>Blastocystis</i> spp. (0.2%) is followed by <i>Hymenolepis diminuta</i> (0.2%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>While the rate of parasite occurrence in patients applying was found to be 19.9% in 2017, 24.6% in 2018, and 28.6% in 2019, this rate decreased to 4.3% in 2020, 16% in 2021 and 6.6% in 2022. Looking at the distribution of parasites by years, it is seen that there was a decrease in the rate of parasite occurrence with the start of the Coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic in 2020. We believe that infection control measures and strict enforcement of quarantine rules to reduce the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 may have significantly reduced the parasite positivity rate during the pandemic period. Data on intestinal parasites in Türkiye show regional differences, and national surveillance studies are needed, especially in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 4","pages":"217-221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Data on Ectoparasites of the Caucasian Squirrel <i>Sciurus anomalus</i> (Rodentia: Sciuridae) in Türkiye: A Case Report.","authors":"Gökhan Eren","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.72324","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.72324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Sciurus anomalus</i> Güldenstädt, 1785, known as the Caucasian squirrel, is a rodent distributed in all geographical regions of Türkiye. The material of this study consists of ectoparasites collected from male <i>S. anomalus</i> found dead on the highway (Karasu, Sakarya, Türkiye). As a result of microscopic examination, the specimens were identified: ticks as <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (larvae and nymph), sucking louses as <i>Neohaematopinus syriacus</i> Ferris, 1923 (female), and fleas as <i>Monopsyllus sciurorum sciurorum</i> (Schrank, 1803) (female and male). In this study, the presence of <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> infestation on <i>Sciurus anomalus</i> is reported for the first time in Türkiye.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 4","pages":"261-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between the Presence of Human Facial Mites <i>Demodex</i> (Acari, Demodicidae) and Dermatological Symptoms in Rosacea Patients in Central Anatolia, Türkiye.","authors":"Merve Kahraman, Zübeyda Akın Polat, Mustafa Esen, Feride Çoban Gül","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2025.14632","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2025.14632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the potential relationship between the presence of <i>Demodex</i> mites and dermatological symptoms in patients with rosacea in the Central Anatolian Region of Türkiye.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 63 patients diagnosed with rosacea were enrolled in the study. Skin samples were obtained using a standardized skin surface biopsy technique, and a questionnaire was administered to assess skin symptoms. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the association between <i>Demodex</i> infestation and specific skin symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the study participants, 65.1% exhibited <i>Demodex</i> infestation. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations between the presence of <i>Demodex</i> and skin burning (p=0.018), skin pain (p=0.012), and skin stinging (p=0.001). However, no statistically significant associations were observed between <i>Demodex</i> presence and gender, skin dryness, itching, irritation, skin rash or the presence of red/pink bumps on the skin.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study provides evidence suggesting a potential role for <i>Demodex</i> mites in the pathogenesis of rosacea, specifically in relation to skin symptoms such as burning, pain, and stinging. The findings underscore the complexity of the relationship between <i>Demodex</i> infestation and rosacea and highlight the need for further research, including longitudinal and mechanistic studies, to better understand this association and its clinical implications. Ultimately, understanding the role of <i>Demodex</i> mites in rosacea may lead to innovative therapeutic approaches, offering hope for improved management of this challenging dermatological condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 4","pages":"240-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital After Migration and During the Pandemic (2019-2022).","authors":"Ahmet Özkeklikçi","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.36349","DOIUrl":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.36349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic skin disease transmitted by the bite of sandflies. In our region, which is endemic for this disease, there has been a great migration from a much more endemic region and population movements from our area to Türkiye and abroad. Afterward, a pandemic was experienced. Due to these two extraordinary events and the possible epidemic potential in our region, it is useful to follow-up on the disease. We aimed to contribute to the evaluation of the disease in these processes by analyzing the data of our laboratory in recent years.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between January 2019 and December 2022, samples from patients who came to our laboratory with suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis were taken, stained and examined under a microscope. Patients were evaluated in terms of age, gender, nationality, place of residence, lesion site and duration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 144 examined cases, 64 (44.4%) were positive for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Among these positive cases, 40 (62.5%) were women, 24 (37.5%) were men, and 54 (84.3%) belonged to the 0-9 age group. Of those who tested positive, 54 (84.3%) were Turkish citizens and 23 (35.9%) were Syrian citizens. Fifty-four (84.3%) patients had only single lesion. While the number of applications and positivity rates remained within normal levels in 2019 and 2020, a significant decrease was observed in both from 2021 and 2022.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cutaneous leishmaniasis is carried by migration, decreases in large-scale isolations such as pandemics, and its spread can be prevented with correct diagnosis and treatment. Although the number of patients may change over time and place, cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease that threatens the health of societies and should always be monitored.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 3","pages":"160-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Anti-<i>Leishmanial</i> Efficacies on <i>Leishmania</i> tropica Promastigotes <i>In vitro</i>.","authors":"Nihan Ünübol, İbrahim Çavuş, Tuba Polat, Özgür Kurt, Ahmet Özbilgin, Tanıl Kocagöz","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.48658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.48658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Antimicrobial resistance is a real threat to humanity. Pentavalent antimonials are reported non-effective in leishmaniasis treatment today, in countries like India. New treatment options have been assessed worldwide lately. Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are the leading antibiotic candidates due to their large spectrum, fast efficacy, and low resistance risks. Cathelicidins are the AMP with well-documented antimicrobial activities against bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, over their positively charged membranes. Here, we aim to design cathelicidine-like helical peptides (CLHP), and compare their anti-<i>Leishmanial</i> efficacies <i>in vitro</i>, with meglumine antimoniate (MA) on <i>Leishmania tropica</i>.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of five study [TN-1-5] and two control (MA and non-drug) groups were formed. Cryopreserved <i>L. tropica</i> isolate was thawed and cultivated in Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle medium and then in RPMI. Five different CLHPs (TN1-5) were diluted in dimethyl sulphoxide. A total of 150 uL of CLHPs and MA were added into the first wells of the test plaques, followed by serial dilutions that revealed doses within 4 and 512 ug/mL. Then, 100 uL of cultures including 1x10⁸/mL of <i>L. tropica</i> promastigotes were added into each well. Viability of promastigotes was checked with XTT, while the parasite count was assessed at 24^th and 48^th hours.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>TN3 was effective at 32 ug/mL. All tested CLHPs exhibited varying degrees of anti-<i>Leishmanial</i> activities, except TN5, even at its highest dose.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>TN3 showed a particular efficacy against <i>L. tropica</i> <i>in vitro</i>. Further studies including <i>in vivo</i> testing of the candidate's both efficacy and toxicity are essential.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 3","pages":"135-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Evaluation of Intestinal Protozoa Parasites in Patients Presenting to Kafkas University Health Research and Application Hospital Between 2019-2022.","authors":"Hilal Bedir, Neriman Mor, Ahmet Deniz, Mükremin Özkan Arslan","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.52386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.52386","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the prevalence of protozoan parasites in stool samples collected from patients presenting with various gastrointestinal complaints to the Medical Parasitology Laboratory of Kafkas University Research and Application Hospital between 2019 and 2022.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Stool samples were initially examined using the native-Lugol method for the detection of protozoan parasites, followed by the formol-ethyl acetate sedimentation method, Giemsa, and carbol fuchsin staining methods. Specific immunochromatographic card tests were used for the diagnosis of <i>Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium</i> spp., and <i>Giardia intestinalis</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 2.267 stool samples examined over the four-year period from January 2019 to December 2022, 7.63% were found to contain one or more protozoan parasites. Among these parasites, <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> was detected at the highest rate of 4.06%. The other parasite species were identified as follows: <i>Blastocystis</i> spp. 1.15%, <i>Entamoeba</i> spp. and <i>Entamoeba coli</i> each 0.52%, <i>Giardia intestinalis</i> 0.48%, <i>Endolimax nana</i> 0.17%, and <i>Entamoeba histolytica/dispar</i> 0.08%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study indicates that despite a decrease in the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections in the Kars region, these infections remain a significant public health issue. Therefore, improvements in hygiene and sanitation conditions, increased public health education, and the widespread implementation of early diagnosis and treatment methods are necessary. Special measures should be taken to protect vulnerable groups, particularly children and the elderly.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 3","pages":"178-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mysterious Allergy Caused by Tick Bite: Alpha-Gal Syndrome.","authors":"Muhammed Nalçacı","doi":"10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.97720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.97720","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS) manifests as an intricate allergic response characterised by the formation of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies targeting a carbohydrate termed galactose-a-1.3-galactose (a-Gal). Alpha-Gal antigens, which play a role in AGS, have been detected in the salivary glands and saliva of various tick species, especially <i>Amblyomma americanum</i>. Identifying these antigens in tick saliva underlines the potential role of tick bites in sensitising individuals to a-Gal and contributes to the complex immunological processes associated with AGS. When people with a-Gal allergy eat beef, pork, lamb, or the flesh of other mammals, they experience an allergic reaction that causes various symptoms, including rash, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. In some cases, AGS can be life-threatening requiring emergency medical attention. Moreover, these reactions do not occur only due to red meat; intake of medical drugs, vaccines, and antidotes containing a-Gal epitopes can also trigger allergies. The fact that the symptoms causing IgE antibodies are directed against a carbohydrate moiety the unusual delay between food consumption and the onset of symptoms, and the differences in the reactions shown by a-Gal allergy make a-Gal syndrome an unprecedented allergic disease and distinguish it from other food allergies. Interestingly, a-Gal antigens involved in the development of AGS have been discovered in salivary secretions of different tick species in several continents. However, the underlying causes of a-Gal-specific IgE production and immune responses to tick bites are not fully understood. This complex system is crucial for identifying and developing new therapies for the disease. This article reviews the evolution of a-Gal, the current understanding of AGS and its relationship to tick species.</p>","PeriodicalId":34974,"journal":{"name":"Turkiye parazitolojii dergisi","volume":"48 3","pages":"195-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}