Review of Diabetic Studies最新文献_第10页

Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Do Not Predict the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in an Iranian High-Risk Population: The Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study. 低水平的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇不能预测伊朗高危人群2型糖尿病的发病率:伊斯法罕糖尿病预防研究

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2016-01-01 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2016.13.187

M. Janghorbani, M. Amini, A. Aminorroaya

{"title":"Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Do Not Predict the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in an Iranian High-Risk Population: The Isfahan Diabetes Prevention Study.","authors":"M. Janghorbani, M. Amini, A. Aminorroaya","doi":"10.1900/RDS.2016.13.187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2016.13.187","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES To evaluate the ability of low-level fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) to predict the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in an Iranian high-risk population. METHODS Seven-year follow-up data (n = 1,775) in non-diabetic first-degree relatives (FDR) of consecutive patients with T2D aged 30-70 years were analyzed. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of T2D based on repeated oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for the incidence of T2D across quartiles of HDLC, and plotted a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to assess discrimination. RESULTS The highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of HDLC was associated with T2D in age- and gender-adjusted models (HR: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.73-0.95). Further adjustment for fasting plasma glucose and cholesterol attenuated the association for T2D incidence (HR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.80-1.08). The area under the ROC curve for HDLC was 54.1% (95% CI: 50.2-58.0). CONCLUSIONS HDLC level was a weak predictor of T2D in an Iranian high-risk population, independent of age and gender.","PeriodicalId":34965,"journal":{"name":"Review of Diabetic Studies","volume":"10 1","pages":"187-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82641091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Treating Diabetic Neuropathy: Present Strategies and Emerging Solutions. 治疗糖尿病神经病变:目前的策略和新兴的解决方案。

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2015-12-18 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.63

Saad Javed, U. Alam, R. Malik

{"title":"Treating Diabetic Neuropathy: Present Strategies and Emerging Solutions.","authors":"Saad Javed, U. Alam, R. Malik","doi":"10.1900/RDS.2015.12.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2015.12.63","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic peripheral neuropathies (DPN) are a heterogeneous group of disorders caused by neuronal dysfunction in patients with diabetes. They have differing clinical courses, distributions, fiber involvement (large or small), and pathophysiology. These complications are associated with increased morbidity, distress, and healthcare costs. Approximately 50% of patients with diabetes develop peripheral neuropathy, and the projected rise in the global burden of diabetes is spurring an increase in neuropathy. Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) with painful diabetic neuropathy, occurring in around 20% of diabetes patients, and diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) are the most common manifestations of DPN. Optimal glucose control represents the only broadly accepted therapeutic option though evidence of its benefit in type 2 diabetes is unclear. A number of symptomatic treatments are recommended in clinical guidelines for the management of painful DPN, including antidepressants such as amitriptyline and duloxetine, the γ-aminobutyric acid analogues gabapentin and pregabalin, opioids, and topical agents such as capsaicin. However, monotherapy is frequently not effective in achieving complete resolution of pain in DPN. There is a growing need for head-to-head studies of different single-drug and combination pharmacotherapies. Due to the ubiquity of autonomic innervation in the body, DAN causes a plethora of symptoms and signs affecting cardiovascular, urogenital, gastrointestinal, pupillomotor, thermoregulatory, and sudomotor systems. The current treatment of DAN is largely symptomatic, and does not correct the underlying autonomic nerve deficit. A number of novel potential candidates, including erythropoietin analogues, angiotensin II receptor type 2 antagonists, and sodium channel blockers are currently being evaluated in phase II clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":34965,"journal":{"name":"Review of Diabetic Studies","volume":"103 1","pages":"63-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80316911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 62

Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes: It Matters From Which Parent We Inherit the Risk. 2型糖尿病的遗传学:从父母哪一方遗传风险很重要。

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2015-09-01 Epub Date: 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.233

Valeriya Lyssenko, Leif Groop, Rashmi B Prasad

引用次数: 26

Pharmacogenetics: Implications for Modern Type 2 Diabetes Therapy. 药物遗传学:对现代2型糖尿病治疗的启示。

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2015-09-01 Epub Date: 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.363

Harald Staiger, Elke Schaeffeler, Matthias Schwab, Hans-Ulrich Häring

{"title":"Pharmacogenetics: Implications for Modern Type 2 Diabetes Therapy.","authors":"Harald Staiger, Elke Schaeffeler, Matthias Schwab, Hans-Ulrich Häring","doi":"10.1900/RDS.2015.12.363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2015.12.363","url":null,"abstract":"Many clinical treatment studies have reported remarkable interindividual variability in the response to pharmaceutical drugs, and uncovered the existence of inadequate treatment response, non-response, and even adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenetics addresses the impact of genetic variants on treatment outcome including side-effects. In recent years, it has also entered the field of clinical diabetes research. In modern type 2 diabetes therapy, metformin is established as first-line drug. The latest pharmaceutical developments, including incretin mimetics, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (gliptins), and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (gliflozins), are currently experiencing a marked increase in clinical use, while the prescriptions of α-glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylureas, meglitinides (glinides), and thiazolidinediones (glitazones) are declining, predominantly because of reported side-effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge about gene-drug interactions observed in therapy studies with the above drugs. We report drug interactions with candidate genes involved in the pharmacokinetics (e.g., drug transporters) and pharmacodynamics (drug targets and downstream signaling steps) of the drugs, with known type 2 diabetes risk genes and previously unknown genes derived from hypothesis-free approaches such as genome-wide association studies. Moreover, some new and promising candidate genes for future pharmacogenetic assessment are highlighted. Finally, we critically appraise the current state of type 2 diabetes pharmacogenetics in the light of its impact on therapeutic decisions, and we refer to major problems, and make suggestions for future efforts in this field to help improve the clinical relevance of the results, and to establish genetically determined treatment failure. ","PeriodicalId":34965,"journal":{"name":"Review of Diabetic Studies","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"363-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5275760/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-12-363.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34342828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

When is it MODY? Challenges in the Interpretation of Sequence Variants in MODY Genes. 什么时候是莫迪?MODY基因序列变异解释的挑战。

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2015-09-01 Epub Date: 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.330

Sara Althari, Anna L Gloyn

{"title":"When is it MODY? Challenges in the Interpretation of Sequence Variants in MODY Genes.","authors":"Sara Althari, Anna L Gloyn","doi":"10.1900/RDS.2015.12.330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2015.12.330","url":null,"abstract":"The genomics revolution has raised more questions than it has provided answers. Big data from large population-scale resequencing studies are increasingly deconstructing classic notions of Mendelian disease genetics, which support a simplistic correlation between mutational severity and phenotypic outcome. The boundaries are being blurred as the body of evidence showing monogenic disease-causing alleles in healthy genomes, and in the genomes of individu-als with increased common complex disease risk, continues to grow. In this review, we focus on the newly emerging challenges which pertain to the interpretation of sequence variants in genes implicated in the pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a presumed mono-genic form of diabetes characterized by Mendelian inheritance. These challenges highlight the complexities surrounding the assignments of pathogenicity, in particular to rare protein-alerting variants, and bring to the forefront some profound clinical diagnostic implications. As MODY is both genetically and clinically heterogeneous, an accurate molecular diagnosis and cautious extrapolation of sequence data are critical to effective disease management and treatment. The biological and translational value of sequence information can only be attained by adopting a multitude of confirmatory analyses, which interrogate variant implication in disease from every possible angle. Indeed, studies which have effectively detected rare damaging variants in known MODY genes in normoglycemic individuals question the existence of a sin-gle gene mutation scenario: does monogenic diabetes exist when the genetic culprits of MODY have been systematical-ly identified in individuals without MODY? ","PeriodicalId":34965,"journal":{"name":"Review of Diabetic Studies","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"330-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5275758/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-12-330.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34342825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Complex Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes and Effect Size: What have We Learned from Isolated Populations? 2型糖尿病的复杂遗传学和效应大小:我们从孤立人群中学到了什么?

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2015-09-01 Epub Date: 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.299

Anup K Nair, Leslie J Baier

{"title":"Complex Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes and Effect Size: What have We Learned from Isolated Populations?","authors":"Anup K Nair, Leslie J Baier","doi":"10.1900/RDS.2015.12.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2015.12.299","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic studies in large outbred populations have documented a complex, highly polygenic basis for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Most of the variants currently known to be associated with T2D risk have been identified in large studies that included tens of thousands of individuals who are representative of a single major ethnic group such as European, Asian, or African. However, most of these variants have only modest effects on the risk for T2D; identification of definitive 'causal variant' or 'causative loci' is typically lacking. Studies in isolated populations offer several advantages over outbred populations despite being, on average, much smaller in sample size. For example, reduced genetic variability, enrichment of rare variants, and a more uniform environment and lifestyle, which are hallmarks of isolated populations, can reduce the complexity of identifying disease-associated genes. To date, studies in isolated populations have provided valuable insight into the genetic basis of T2D by providing both a deeper understanding of previously identified T2D-associated variants (e.g. demonstrating that variants in KCNQ1 have a strong parent-of-origin effect) or providing novel variants (e.g. ABCC8 in Pima Indians, TBC1D4 in the Greenlandic population, HNF1A in Canadian Oji-Cree). This review summarizes advancements in genetic studies of T2D in outbred and isolated populations, and provides information on whether the difference in the prevalence of T2D in different populations (Pima Indians vs. non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Whites vs. non-Hispanic Blacks) can be explained by the difference in risk allele frequencies of established T2D variants. ","PeriodicalId":34965,"journal":{"name":"Review of Diabetic Studies","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"299-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5275756/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-12-299.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34331462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Diabetes in Population Isolates: Lessons from Greenland. 隔离人群中的糖尿病：格陵兰岛的教训

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2015-09-01 Epub Date: 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.320

Niels Grarup, Ida Moltke, Anders Albrechtsen, Torben Hansen

{"title":"Diabetes in Population Isolates: Lessons from Greenland.","authors":"Niels Grarup, Ida Moltke, Anders Albrechtsen, Torben Hansen","doi":"10.1900/RDS.2015.12.320","DOIUrl":"10.1900/RDS.2015.12.320","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an increasing health problem worldwide with particularly high occurrence in specific subpopulations and ancestry groups. The high prevalence of T2D is caused both by changes in lifestyle and genetic predisposition. A large number of studies have sought to identify the genetic determinants of T2D in large, open populations such as Europeans and Asians. However, studies of T2D in population isolates are gaining attention as they provide several advantages over open populations in genetic disease studies, including increased linkage disequilibrium, homogeneous environmental exposure, and increased allele frequency. We recently performed a study in the small, historically isolated Greenlandic population, in which the prevalence of T2D has increased to more than 10%. In this study, we identified a common nonsense variant in TBC1D4, which has a population-wide impact on glucose-stimulated plasma glucose, serum insulin levels, and T2D. The variant defines a specific subtype of non-autoimmune diabetes characterized by decreased post-prandial glucose uptake and muscular insulin resistance. These and other recent findings in population isolates illustrate the value of performing medical genetic studies in genetically isolated populations. In this review, we describe some of the advantages of performing genetic studies of T2D and related cardio-metabolic traits in a population isolate like the Greenlandic, and we discuss potentials and perspectives for future research into T2D in this population. ","PeriodicalId":34965,"journal":{"name":"Review of Diabetic Studies","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"320-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5275757/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-12-320.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34331463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Type 2 Diabetes Prevention: Implications of Hemoglobin A1c Genetics. 2型糖尿病预防:血红蛋白A1c基因的意义。

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2015-09-01 Epub Date: 2016-02-10 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.351

Aaron Leong, James B Meigs

{"title":"Type 2 Diabetes Prevention: Implications of Hemoglobin A1c Genetics.","authors":"Aaron Leong, James B Meigs","doi":"10.1900/RDS.2015.12.351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2015.12.351","url":null,"abstract":"Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a biomarker used for population-level screening of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and risk stratification. Large-scale, genome-wide association studies have identified multiple genomic loci influencing HbA1c. We discuss the challenges of classifying these genomic loci as influencing HbA1c through glycemic or nonglycemic pathways, based on their probable biology and pleiotropic associations with erythrocyte traits. We show that putative nonglycemic genetic variants have a measurable, albeit small, impact on the classification of T2D status by HbA1c in white and Asian populations. Accounting for their effect on HbA1c may be relevant when screening populations with higher frequencies of nonglycemic HbA1c-altering alleles. As carriers of such HbA1c-altering alleles have HbA1c levels that may not accurately reflect overall glycemia, we describe how accounting for genotype may improve the performance of HbA1c in T2D prediction models and risk stratification, allowing for lifestyle intervention strategies to be directed towards those who are truly at elevated risk for developing T2D. In a Mendelian randomization framework, genetic variants can be used as instrumental variables to estimate causal relationships between HbA1c and T2D-related complications. This approach may help to support or refute HbA1c as an appropriate biomarker for long-term health outcomes in the general population. ","PeriodicalId":34965,"journal":{"name":"Review of Diabetic Studies","volume":"12 3-4","pages":"351-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5275759/pdf/RevDiabeticStud-12-351.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34342827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Targeting Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Pathogenesis in Diabetic Nephropathy. 靶向线粒体和活性氧驱动的糖尿病肾病发病机制。

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2015-03-01 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.134

R. Lindblom, G. Higgins, M. Coughlan, J. D. de Haan

{"title":"Targeting Mitochondria and Reactive Oxygen Species-Driven Pathogenesis in Diabetic Nephropathy.","authors":"R. Lindblom, G. Higgins, M. Coughlan, J. D. de Haan","doi":"10.1900/RDS.2015.12.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2015.12.134","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic kidney disease is one of the major microvascular complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Approximately 30% of patients with diabetes experience renal complications. Current clinical therapies can only mitigate the symptoms and delay the progression to end-stage renal disease, but not prevent or reverse it. Oxidative stress is an important player in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. The activity of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/NS), which are by-products of the diabetic milieu, has been found to correlate with pathological changes observed in the diabetic kidney. However, many clinical studies have failed to establish that antioxidant therapy is renoprotective. The discovery that increased ROS/NS activity is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, cellular senescence, and cell death calls for a refined approach to antioxidant therapy. It is becoming clear that mitochondria play a key role in the generation of ROS/NS and their consequences on the cellular pathways involved in apoptotic cell death in the diabetic kidney. Oxidative stress has also been associated with necrosis via induction of mitochondrial permeability transition. This review highlights the importance of mitochondria in regulating redox balance, modulating cellular responses to oxidative stress, and influencing cell death pathways in diabetic kidney disease. ROS/NS-mediated cellular dysfunction corresponds with progressive disease in the diabetic kidney, and consequently represents an important clinical target. Based on this consideration, this review also examines current therapeutic interventions to prevent ROS/NS-derived injury in the diabetic kidney. These interventions, mainly aimed at reducing or preventing mitochondrial-generated oxidative stress, improving mitochondrial antioxidant defense, and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, may deliver alternative approaches to halt or prevent diabetic kidney disease.","PeriodicalId":34965,"journal":{"name":"Review of Diabetic Studies","volume":"74 1","pages":"134-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83217423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 86

Diabetic Nephropathy: New Risk Factors and Improvements in Diagnosis. 糖尿病肾病:新的危险因素和诊断的改进。

Review of Diabetic Studies Pub Date : 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.1900/RDS.2015.12.110

K. Tziomalos, V. Athyros

{"title":"Diabetic Nephropathy: New Risk Factors and Improvements in Diagnosis.","authors":"K. Tziomalos, V. Athyros","doi":"10.1900/RDS.2015.12.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1900/RDS.2015.12.110","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Patients with diabetic nephropathy have a high cardiovascular risk, comparable to patients with coronary heart disease. Accordingly, identification and management of risk factors for diabetic nephropathy as well as timely diagnosis and prompt management of the condition are of paramount importance for effective treatment. A variety of risk factors promotes the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, including elevated glucose levels, long duration of diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and dyslipidemia. Most of these risk factors are modifiable by antidiabetic, antihypertensive, or lipid-lowering treatment and lifestyle changes. Others such as genetic factors or advanced age cannot be modified. Therefore, the rigorous management of the modifiable risk factors is essential for preventing and delaying the decline in renal function. Early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy is another essential component in the management of diabetes and its complications such as nephropathy. New markers may allow earlier diagnosis of this common and serious complication, but further studies are needed to clarify their additive predictive value, and to define their cost-benefit ratio. This article reviews the most important risk factors in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy and summarizes recent developments in the diagnosis of this disease.","PeriodicalId":34965,"journal":{"name":"Review of Diabetic Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"110-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90811261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 183