Atoll Research Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Diuron from Maui Sugarcane Field Runoff Is Potentially Harmful to Local Coral Reefs","authors":"Thomas C. Royer, P. Tester, Thomas N. Stewart","doi":"10.5479/SI.0077-5630.605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/SI.0077-5630.605","url":null,"abstract":"In a grassroots effort to identify stressors influencing the health of Maui’s coral reefs, samples for the pre- and post-emergent herbicide, Diuron, were taken in July–August 2013, prior to, during, and after the passage of Tropical Storm Flossie on the south central coast of Maui, Hawaii. Diuron is routinely used on sugarcane fields adjacent to Hawaiian coastal waters and is a component of the anti-fouling paint used on small boats. It inhibits photosynthesis of terrestrial plants at concentrations as low as 0.1 parts per billion and can be lethal to endosymbiotic dinoflagellates in corals at concentrations less than 3 parts per billion, a concentration measured in runoff samples taken during this study. While Diuron was not detected in samples taken beyond the coastal outfall or in an adjacent boat basin, this effort provides evidence that a detectable influx of Diuron into Maui’s coastal waters can result from a single rain event. Further, this study will inform efforts to support a ban on the use of Diuron in the wet season and guide monitoring efforts to better understand the effects of Diuron in coastal areas.","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RECOVERY OF MISSING EXPLANATORY NOTES OF THE FIRST GEOLOGICAL MAP OF FUNAFUTI ATOLL, 1904","authors":"R. Mclean","doi":"10.5479/SI.00775630.603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/SI.00775630.603","url":null,"abstract":"Funafuti atoll in the central Pacific was the site of the first deep drilling into a coral atoll. Drilling was carried out during three expeditions in 1896–98, sponsored by the Royal Society, London. Its purpose was purely scientific: to test Charles Darwin’s theory of coral atoll formation. Surface geological investigations were also undertaken during the second expedition in 1897, and detailed maps, descriptions and explanatory notes on the 32 islands located on the atoll rim were prepared for publication in the Royal Society’s report on The Atoll of Funafuti, published in 1904. However, not all of the island descriptions and explanatory notes that accompanied the final 63 page text and 14 map sheets on the geology of Funafuti Atoll were included in the published work, although this appears not to have been noticed by the volume’s editor, Professor T.G. Bonney in London, or by the authors T.W. Edgeworth David and George Sweet in Australia. Lacking are descriptions of the islands on Funafuti’s northern and northwestern rim as well as the explanatory notes to accompany five of the 14 map sheets. Searches were undertaken through archives of the expedition in the United Kingdom and Australia in an attempt to uncover the ‘missing’ material. This archival search met with partial success in the Sir Edgeworth David Papers at Sydney University where a draft manuscript containing ‘explanatory notes’ on seven islands and five of the 14 map sheets was uncovered. These notes are transcribed in an annex to the present report. The reasons behind the omission of this material in the final publication are not clear, though the archival documentation does provide a fascinating insight into the difficulties associated with scientific expedition publications at the end of the nineteenth century, when editors and authors were separated by large time and space differences, several contributors were involved in map, note and text preparation, and drafts of chapters and illustrations were transported in hard-copy over long distances, such as from Australia to the United Kingdom, as was the case of the Funafuti report.","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Structure of Scleractinian Corals outside Protected Areas in Cozumel Island, Mexico","authors":"H. Reyes‐Bonilla, Marinés Millet-Encalada, L. Álvarez‐Filip","doi":"10.5479/SI.00775630.601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/SI.00775630.601","url":null,"abstract":"Cozumel Island is of paramount importance for Mexico, because of the good state of its marine ecosystems, and as a touristic spot that attracts thousands of divers every day. Most studies about the local reefs have been devoted to those formations located inside the Cozumel Reefs National Park, in the southwest side of the island; however there are other important reefs that have received little attention. The objective of this paper was to conduct an analysis of zooxanthellate coral community structure in six sites of the eastern and northwestern coasts of Cozumel, and to compare them with the status of the reefs already under federal management. The results showed that there were no significant differences in coral cover, diversity, evenness and taxonomic distinctness of reefs inside and outside the protected area, a pattern that differed from that reported in previous studies. The homogeneity in the ecological structure may have resulted from the combined effects of differential human pressure (high in PNAC reefs, low outside of the park), and the high coral mortality caused in all areas by category 5 hurricanes “Emily” and “Wilma” in 2005. Considering these findings, we suggest that local authorities must allocate more effort dedicated to the conservation of reefs in the eastern coast of the island, as some of them (especially Hanan) are very well developed and house species of particular interest such as Acropora spp.","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"600 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CHARACTERIZATION OF CORAL COMMUNITIES AT WAKE ATOLL IN THE REMOTE CENTRAL PACIFIC OCEAN","authors":"J. Kenyon, V. Bonito, Casey B. Wilkinson","doi":"10.5479/SI.00775630.600","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/SI.00775630.600","url":null,"abstract":"Little published or unpublished information exists concerning the benthic community structure or coral fauna at Wake Atoll in the Central Pacific. Here, we apply multivariate statistical analyses to data acquired in 2005 from several complementary survey methods that operate at different scales of spatial and taxonomic resolution to characterize the coral communities in the fore-reef habitat, which is further stratified by geographic sector and depth zone. Both broad-scale towed-diver surveys and site-specific photoquadrat surveys revealed high dissimilarity in overall benthic composition between the northeast and southwest sectors. Coral cover in the northeast sector is more than 2.5 times greater than in the southwest sector; encrusting and massive growth forms dominate in the northeast sector while encrusting and digitate growth forms dominate in the southwest sector.  Coral cover and colony abundances are less dominated by a few key genera in the northeast than in the southwest sector, though the genera Montipora, Pocillopora , and Favia are the most numerically abundant taxa in both sectors. Octocorals account for more than 25% of the total coral cover in the northeast sector but less than 5% of the total coral cover in the southwest sector. The deep northeast stratum showed among the highest diversity of growth forms as well as the highest total coral cover, octocoral cover, and coralline algal cover. We provide a list of 101 anthozoan and hydrozoan corals observed at Wake Atoll during survey activities since the year 1979. Five scleractinian species at Wake are on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™. The 80 taxa with well-established species names contain components from the Mariana Islands, northern Marshall Islands, and Hawaiian Islands, but show the closest resemblance to the Mariana Islands. Our spatially widespread surveys that generate independent metrics of benthic cover and coral abundance collectively provide the most comprehensive description of coral communities at Wake Atoll produced to date and also provide an important record by which to monitor the response of this community to changing ocean conditions.","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"601 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity and Distribution of Octocorals of Minicoy Atoll, Lakshadweep","authors":"A. Mary, R. Sluka","doi":"10.5479/si.00775630.602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.602","url":null,"abstract":"A survey of the distribution of octocorals of Minicoy Atoll, Lakshadweep found 53 species representing 44 alcyoniids (7 genera) and 9 gorgonians (6 genera). Specimens were from 7 families: Alcyoniidae, Neptheidae, Nidallidae of the Alcyoniina group, Melithaeidae of the Scleraxonian group and Acanthogorgiidae, Plexauridae of the suborder Holaxonia and Ellisellidae of the suborder Calcaxonia. All species are new records to the study area. Based on the species collected and their importance, an outlook on the future possibilities of working in this area is suggested.","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"602 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shell Dimension–Live Weight Relationships, Growth and Survival of Hippopus Porcellanus in Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Philippines","authors":"Roger G. Dolorosa, Segundo F. Conales, Noel A. Bundal","doi":"10.5479/SI.00775630.604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/SI.00775630.604","url":null,"abstract":"Hippopus porcellanus is a rare and heavily exploited giant clam species with limited distribution range in the Indo-West Pacific Region. Overharvesting has resulted in the localized extinction of H. porcellanus in the Philippines, but its populations appeared to have recovered in Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) after more than 20 years of protection. As one of the least studied giant clam species, the shell dimension-live weight relationships were determined. In addition, the growth parameters of H. porcellanus in TRNP were monitored with the mark–recapture method. All three shell dimensions of H. porcellanus were good estimators of live weight. The von Bertallanfy growth parameters K (0.29) and L  (29.24 cm) were determined on the basis of 80 marked individuals recaptured twice within 2.5 years. Nearly 90% of marked clams survived at the end of the study. Studies on aspects of biology of other giant clams species at the park is suggested.","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"604 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Report on Menjangan Island’s Coral Reef: A Bali Barat National Park Marine Protected Area","authors":"Orla Doherty, C. Milner, P. Dustan, S. Campbell, Shinta Pardede, Tasrif Kartawijaya, A. Alling","doi":"10.5479/SI.00775630.599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/SI.00775630.599","url":null,"abstract":"Menjangan Island is located off the coast of NW Bali. The island and surrounding waters lie within a Marine Protected Area (MPA), as part of the Bali Barat National Park (BBNP), officially formed in 1984. Although many organizations have surveyed this reef area over the span of four decades, this is the first time that data on reef quality is compared over a nine year timeframe, from 2002 until 2011. From 19 March to 10 April 2011, eleven sites were studied: eight were located within Bali Barat National Park (BBNP) and three were located outside. The sites were clustered into areas identified as “BBNP Menjangan Is.” (sites surrounding Menjangan Island), “BBNP Sumber Klampok” (sites adjacent to the mainland) and “Sumber Kima” (sites outside the MPA). Sites within BBNP Menjangan Is. contained the highest mean cover of live hard corals (42%) although these sites also had the highest incidence of damaged coral colonies and of fishing gear. Comparisons of the benthic substrate data in 2011 with data collected in 2002 suggests that there was an overall increase in coral coverage in each of the 3 areas, as well as an increase in the damage to live hard corals. The two areas within BBNP had more than twice as much fish biomass in comparison with the area outside BBNP. Using the Index of Fish Diversity in the Indo Pacific region (CFDI; Allen and Werner, 2002), fish species were judged to be moderately diverse within the BBNP and poorly diverse outside. Although Menjangan Island lies within an MPA where no fishing is allowed, there is no enforcement of the no-take zone or prevention of anchoring by visitors to the island, and even as recently as July 2009 blast fishing was observed (pers. comm.). To help maintain the area as a reservoir for biodiversity as well as maintain the economic viability for the people of NW Bali, the Biosphere Foundation initiated a community-based conservation program called “Friends of Menjangan” with Yayasan Dwi Asih Sejahtera, a local Non-Governmental Organization (NGO). This community-based conservation movement is led by members of the local community, with approval from BBNP and participation by all stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"599 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fringing Reefs of Reunion Island and Eutrophication Effects - Part 1: Long-Term Monitoring of Two Shallow Coral Reef Communities","authors":"O. Naim, C. Tourrand, E. Ballesteros, S. Semple, L. Bigot, Bruce Cauvin, P. Cuet, L. Montaggioni","doi":"10.5479/SI.00775630.596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/SI.00775630.596","url":null,"abstract":"This study assesses changes in subtidal benthic communities on the largest reef flat in Reunion, Saint-Gilles La Saline , using several types of surveys. Temporal and spatial trends are documented over a 22 year period (1987-2009), thus spanning the 1998 and 2000s bleaching events. The most plausible explanations for the observed trends are proposed. We chose two sites that are characterized by two types of community and metabolism: (1) an oligotrophic site dominated by Acropora corals (Site-Toboggan), where sea-urchins are numerous and macroalgae rare and (2) a dystrophic site dominated by non- Acropora corals, mostly massive and submassive, where macroalgae abound and sea-urchins are almost absent (Site-Planch’Alizes). Results are presented in three parts : Part 1 : general trends of the communities, part 2 : primary producers, part 3 : living corals. Part 1 presents three surveys. Survey 1 reports status and trends across the reef flats in 1993, 1996, and 2002, with all attached benthic components reported at the level of the species where possible. Survey 2 reports composition and changes in associated sedentary organisms such as sea urchins, holothurids, and the Pomacentridae fish Stegastes . Survey 3 focuses on the period 1998 to 2009 on permanent transects established in 1987 and monitored periodically, partly as a contribution to the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). In general, community structures at both locations remained stable, with primary producer coverage around 5% at Toboggan (T) and around 60% at Planch’Alizes (P). Living coral coverage averaged around 17% at both sites, but it was dominated by Acropora on Site-T (68%) and by massive corals on Site-P (88%). Regular echinoids were very abundant at T but almost absent from P, while the opposite was true for holothurids. The territorial damselfish Stegastes was of comparable abundance at both sites (<1 individuals per m2). There were large changes in coral cover in some zones, especially due to growth in Acropora from 1993 to 2002. On the two GCRMN permanent transects, 1999 and 2004 were turning points, so results are reported in three blocks: 1987-98, 1999- 2003 and 2004-09. From 1987 to 1998 primary producers were inconspicuous on T transect but  increased after that, suggesting abiotic conditions had become more favorable to algae. On the other transect (P-one), algae began to decline from 1999 and massive corals increased. Possible causes for these changes are discussed.","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"596 1","pages":"1-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fringing Reefs of Reunion Island and Eutrophication Effects - Part 3: Long-Term Monitoring of Living Corals","authors":"O. Naim, C. Tourrand, G. Faure, L. Bigot, Bruce Cauvin, S. Semple, L. Montaggioni","doi":"10.5479/SI.00775630.598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/SI.00775630.598","url":null,"abstract":"Spatio-temporal variations of living coral coverage, species richness and diversity were studied on two fringing reef sites at Saint-Gilles La Saline on Reunion Island from 1987 to 2009. The Site-Toboggan (T) was characterized by oligotrophy, Acropora corals, abundant sea urchins and few primary producers. The Site-Planch’Alizes (P), was characterized by heterotrophy, massive corals, abundant primary producers and rare sea urchins. From the shore to the outer reef slope, both reef flats comprise the back reef at around 1.5m deep (‘B’), coral zone ‘L’ with large shore-normal strips of coral 0.8m deep, coral zone ‘N’ with narrow shore-normal strips of corals at around 0.4m deep, and an outer reef flat (<0.4m deep, with breaking surf - not studied). Results are reported in three parts: (1) for 1993, 1996, and 2002, when the survey takes into account the reef flat as a whole on both sites ; (2) for 1987, 1993, 1996 and from 1998 to 2009, when the survey follows changes in two permanent transects on each site ; (3) for 1970 to 2009, in which species richness of Reunion in 2009 is compared to records of species richness over the last 40 years. In the period 1993 to 2002, a total of 36 coral species was recorded (31 species at T, 19 at P). In 1993, after a 1992-bleaching event, Acropora coverage was low and only 3 species were recorded (A. muricata, A. cytherea, A. abrotanoides) . By contrast, in 2002, when Acropora cover was much higher, there were 11 species, but only two at P in the 1993-2002 interval. The highest coral diversity (Shannon index, H’) occurred on the N coral zone at T in 1996, following an increase from 1993, and after which it declined, as the staghorn coral A. muricata strongly increased its cover. By comparison, non- Acropora coverage remained relatively stable at T. At P, coral coverage increased from 1993 to 2002 in both coral zones but only the increase of Porites (Synaraea) rus was statistically significant. Overall, trends in coral cover and diversity indicate both sites were in better health in 2002. Between 1987 and 2009, changes in the smaller fixed LITs were not typical of the overall trends. Among the three dominant species, Acropora muricata, Montipora circumvallata and Porites (Synaraea) rus there was no significant temporal variation at either site (reflecting the small sample size and high variance), although the P.rus coverage increased regularly. The number of coral species on the reef flats may have slightly decreased in the last 40 years. Faure (1982, 2009) recorded 74 species in the1970s and 71 species in 2009, of which 36 species were recorded on inner reef flats and 62 species on outer reef flats. The number of species recorded by Faure on inner reef flats is the same as we recorded in survey 1. On Saint-Gilles La Saline , the genus Stylophora was totally absent from 2009 surveys ( Stylophora pistillata was always rare on Reunion reefs but S. mordax was previously very common on the reef flats and outer slopes).","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"598 1","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sailing through Time: A Historical Examination of the Explorations and Expeditions of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument","authors":"C. Wiener, D. Wagner","doi":"10.5479/SI.00775630.594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5479/SI.00775630.594","url":null,"abstract":"Many decades of exploration and documentation of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) have shown dynamic and pristine ecosystems that have been a source of cultural, economic and scientific wealth. Recent calls for large-scale and archipelagic-wide ecosystem management build upon this history, emphasizing holistic and integrated science and institutional collaboration. Given the successful experiences of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM), the Hawaiian Islands serve as a commendable example of the value of scientific exploration in support of resource management. Past activities ranging from exploration, voyaging, monitoring and protection are all essential to these initiatives, contributing to an improved global understanding of ocean systems and environmental changes. This article draws on local knowledge, histories and scientific expeditions to reflect on past exploration and its importance to what we now know about the NWHI. The integration of previous expeditions and science initiatives is demonstrated through the increasingly successful ecosystem-based management of PMNM and support for archipelagic-wide marine managed areas. Reflections on how these histories influence present day research questions and future management directions are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":34898,"journal":{"name":"Atoll Research Bulletin","volume":"594 1","pages":"1-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70939478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}