{"title":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0027","url":null,"abstract":"Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the commonest paediatric malignancy. The five-year survival rate is now over 80%. This chapter describes the aetiology, clinical features, investigation and diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children. The initial management, subsequent chemotherapy, treatment complications, prognosis and the management of relapse are described.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131629686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paediatric oncology in the developing world","authors":"S. Bailey, R. Skinner","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.03","url":null,"abstract":"Paediatric oncologists in low and middle income countries face many challenges including lack of infrastructure or funds (for treatment or social assistance), competing health priorities and the absence of multidisciplinary teams. Thus practitioners are forced to redefine some of the traditional goals that colleagues in high income settings take for granted, and tailor treatment according to available resources and infrastructure. There are a growing number of success stories and key factors are LMIC leadership with HIC support, building sustainable programmes based on regimens that are feasible and affordable and multidisciplinarity both within and across institutions.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131217573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is used to treat a wide variety of haematological and certain solid malignancies, as well as several other serious haematological, immunological, auto-immune and metabolic diseases. This chapter describes the aims and principals of, and indications for, HSCT. The recipient and donor preparation for HSCT, and recipient conditioning treatment including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis, are outlined. The acute and late complications of HSCT, including GvHD, are described.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129631484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Systemic anticancer drugs","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Chemotherapy has been the major contributor to the great improvements in treatment of childhood cancer in recent decades. Over the last decade there has been increased use of targeted therapies. The general and pharmacological principles of chemotherapy and some of the new targeted therapies used in children are outlined in this chapter. This is followed by a description of the indication, administration routes, side effects and elimination of systemic anti-cancer drugs used in recent or current clinical trials or protocols for paediatric malignancies in the UK.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124294283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-term follow-up of childhood cancer survivors","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0021","url":null,"abstract":"60-75% of long-term survivors of childhood cancer suffer from at least one chronic health condition (late effect), most commonly due to treatment received. Late effects may be severe, disabling, life-threatening or fatal in 25-40% of survivors, who therefore suffer from higher late (yet still premature) mortality. This chapter describes how long-term follow-up of childhood cancer survivors aims to improve their long-term health by managing existing late effects, using guide-line-based surveillance to enable earlier detection and treatment of important late effects, and provision of important information for survivors about their previous treatment and future health risks, enabling them to optimally self-manage their future health. The importance of transition to age-appropriate adult care is emphasized. The wide variety and clinical characteristics of late effects, which may involve any system, organ or tissue, is also described.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125642018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acute leukaemia of ambiguous lineage","authors":"S. Bailey, R. Skinner","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199299676.003.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199299676.003.28","url":null,"abstract":"Acute leukaemias of ambiguous lineage include acute leukaemias that cannot be classified as myeloid or lymphoid origin or which have characteristics of both myeloid and lymphoid cells or both B and T cell lineages (acute bilineal leukaemia and acute biphenotypic leukaemia). This chapter discusses briefly the classification and management of acute leukaemia of ambiguous lineage in children.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131929423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imaging of non-CNS tumours","authors":"S. Bailey, R. Skinner","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199299676.003.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199299676.003.09","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter outlines the uses of the various modalities of diagnostic tools available to radiologists for imaging of non-CNS tumours. The optimal roles of these modalities and the limitations are discussed as well as the role of nuclear medicine techniques such as MIBG and PET scanning. Some examples are included to illustrate the points discussed.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123474767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lymphadenopathy","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes how children with lymphadenopathy should be investigated and man-aged and what the warning signs are for malignancies presenting in this way. Emphasis is made on not to concentrate solely on malignant diagnosis but consider other more common aetiologies as well.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116672508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Central nervous system tumours","authors":"S. Bailey, R. Skinner","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199299676.003.39","url":null,"abstract":"Brain tumours account for approximately 30% of the tumours that occur in childhood. This chapter describes initial diagnosis and management as well as specifically discussing management and diagnosis (including molecular diagnostics) of the most common brain tumours of childhood. These are illustrated by typical MRI scan image sin many cases.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127356027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rare tumours","authors":"R. Grundy, P. Plowman","doi":"10.1201/b13276-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1201/b13276-27","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is rare in childhood, compared to older age groups, affecting approximately 1 in 600 children during the first 15 years of life. How-ever, some paediatric malignancies are so rare that even paediatric oncologists only encounter them once in their lifetime practice.\u0000For this chapter, rare tumours in childhood are arbitrarily defined as those that have an age-standardized annual incidence (ASR) of less than one per million children in Great Britain. This chapter cannot cover all rare tumours in childhood, but will focus on those that only occur in children outside the central nervous system and currently have a poor prognosis. Also included is nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which more recently has had an improved prognosis, but still poses treatment challenges.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129479608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}