{"title":"Haematological and oncological emergencies","authors":"A. Banerjee","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-50718-7_14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50718-7_14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128423237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bone tumours","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0036","url":null,"abstract":"The diagnosis, staging investigations including genetic analysis of common bone tumours along with recommended treatment for bone tumours especially osteosarcoma and Ewings sarcoma are discussed.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115107134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Haemostasis and thrombosis","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the models of coagulation and the factors that promote blood-clot formation, counter-balanced by the factors that switch the system off. It then provides a clinical assessment of bleeding problems, and laboratory investigations that can be used. Neonatal haemostatis is discussed, and then various specific disorders including haemophilia A and B, von Willebrand disease, and various other factor deficiencies are outlined. Inherited platelet disorders, problems with fibrinogen, and haemorrhagic disease of the newborn are all covered. The chapter then goes on to describe thrombosis in childhood, its treatment, neonatal thrombosis, complications, and anticoagulation in children.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130449807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Paediatric radiotherapy","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Radiotherapy is an effective modality of treatment that has a role in the management of many primary tumour sites. Radiotherapy is the therapeutic application of radiation. Usually the radiation source is a linear accelerator, but radiation treatment can also be achieved by the administration of radioisotopes, e.g. MIBG in the treatment of neuro-blastoma. Also cyclotrons can be used to produce proton beam radio-therapy which has a particular role in the treatment of paediatric tumours.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122682984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Other aspects of supportive care","authors":"S. Bailey, R. Skinner","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199299676.003.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199299676.003.20","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses other aspects of supportive care that are essential for the care and comfort of children with malignancy. These are the diagnosis and management of mucositis, nausea and vomiting, constipation, the maintenance of adequate nutrition, when and when not to immunize the child, the breaking of bad news, the management of the child in the palliative phase of their illness, and the uses and complications of central venous access devices and haemopoeitic growth factors.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128244875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biology of central nervous system tumours","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0040","url":null,"abstract":"There have been huge advancements in the understanding of the biology of paediatric brain tumours which has led to a new combined pathological and molecular classification system, and the development of biologically stratified clinical trials. Whilst these exciting advancements are translated into patient benefit, new challenges will need to be resolved. As tumour types are increasingly divided into biologically different entities, the design of meaningful trials becomes ever more complex. Continued international co-operation and collaboration will be required to manage this situation and provide the best treatment options for all patients. Furthermore, as biological stratification becomes increasingly important, standardised approaches to providing this additional diagnostic information will be required.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125664027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chronic myeloid leukaemia and other chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"The chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms of childhood comprise chronic myeloid leukaemia, essential thrombocythaemia, polycythaemia vera and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. Chronic myeloid leukaemia is rare, and the other conditions extremely rare, in children. The characteristics of chronic myeloid leukaemia are broadly similar to those in adults. The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has revolutionized treatment and haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is now rarely required. This chapter discusses the investigation and management of chronic myeloid leukaemia, and briefly mentions the other even rarer chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms of childhood.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125797141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Myelodysplasia","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0030","url":null,"abstract":"Myelodysplasia comprises a group of clonal haematopoietic stem cell disorders characterized by cytopenia and dysplasia in one or more cell lineage(s), and a tendency to evolve to acute myeloid leukaemia. Myelodysplasia is much rarer in children than in adults. This chapter describes the epidemiology, classification, clinical features and management of myelodysplasia in children which differs considerably from that in adults. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia is regarded as a myelodyplastic / myeloproliferative disease and is unique to childhood. Supportive care is important for all children with myelodysplasia. Whilst a few children with low grade myelodysplasia may be managed with observation only, most children with advanced myelodysplasia and juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia require haemopoietic stem cell transplantation.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130747826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Acute myeloid leukaemia accounts for 15-20% of paediatric leukae-mia. This chapter describes the epidemiology, clinical features, inves-tigation, diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid leukaemia in children. Treatment with intensive chemotherapy and (in some chil-dren) haemopoietic stem cell transplantation, treatment complications and prognosis are described. Acute promyelocytic leukaemia in chil-dren and Down syndrome-acute myeloid leukaemia are also discussed briefly.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132189590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Overview of biology and genetics of childhood cancer","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779186.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is a multistep process that originates in a single cell which develops genetic or epigenetic defects. Typically these aberrations occur in tumour suppressor genes, oncogenes or DNA repair genes, and enable the cell to proliferate uncontrollably. Cancer is a spectrum of diseases, from benign tumours that do not develop distant disease, to more aggressive, malignant tumours that can be locally invasive or metastasise to distant sites via the vascular or lymphatic system. In childhood, cancer is either sporadic, where the cause is unknown, or associated with constitutional abnormalities and cancer pre-disposition syndromes. In recent decades, improved survival rates in childhood cancer has traditionally been associated with refinement of historic therapies and treatment protocols. However a greater understanding of cancer biology has enabled the use of molecular diagnostics to; robustly identify tumour types, stratify treatment groups according to associated outcomes, and develop molecularly targeted therapies or immunotherapies that harnesses the power of the immune system to destroy cancer cells. As this expansion of knowledge and experience continues, treatment of childhood cancer will focus on improving survival rates, reducing short and long-term toxicities and developing more biologically tailored therapies and stratified treatment protocols.","PeriodicalId":347115,"journal":{"name":"Paediatric Haemotology and Oncology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134029552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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