Socrates最新文献

{"title":"Compliance of Legal Regulation of the Republic of Lithuania with the EU Resolution on COVID-19 Vaccines","authors":"Erika Statkienė, Renata Šliažienė","doi":"10.25143/socr.21.2021.3.053-069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.21.2021.3.053-069","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to evaluate compliance of the legal regulation of the Republic of Lithuania with the EU resolution on Covid-19 vaccines. The main goal is to investigate the government implemented extraordinary legal measures to control the pandemic situation in Lithuania by processing the goal of planned COVID-19 vaccination quantities and to evaluate their compliance with the EU resolution on COVID-19 vaccine. By using qualitative analysis of scientific literature and documents, statistical data analysis, comparative method of legal acts analysis, the purpose to identify the possible consequences of inadequate legal regulation implementation, affecting observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, have been exceeded. The article aims to indicate whether there are any unreasonable, over excessive, legal measures in Lithuanian government decisions in trying to control the epidemic and distribution of vaccinations, by implementing legal restrictions against non-vaccinated people. Also, whether legal measures are objectively discriminatory and what the risks of such implementation are. The goal of the research is to indicate the main imposing restrictions, such as non-provision of services, accessing them and getting free health services, not limiting employees to continue their work without the vaccination certificate, not allowing customers in supermarkets or restaurants etc., which causes certain differences between social groups, allowing a reasonable doubt for discriminatory manifestations to be raised, therefore indicating the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the process. Keywords: Lithuania, COVID-19, vaccination, restrictions on human rights.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69071138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodītas personas kā valsts stigmatizēta grupa Satversmes tiesas judikatūrā","authors":"Sanita Osipova","doi":"10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.024-039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.024-039","url":null,"abstract":"The research aims to analyse the case law of the Constitutional Court in respect to restrictions on the fundamental rights of convicted individuals in correlation with society’s views of convicts. To do so, along with the methods of legal science, i.e., analy­sis of legal provisions and case law, the research uses sociological concepts, methods, and sources. The fundamental rights of an individual require that the State protects every individual’s human dignity in equal measure. However, even modern-day society still stigmatises particular groups of individuals, restricting their rights without good reason. The case law of the Constitutional Court of Latvia marks convicted individuals as a stigmatised group with limited rights. In the cases analysed in the research, not even the minimum standards of fundamental rights protecting personal privacy were applied to persons serving a sentence for serious offences, with no individual assessment provided for, because society’s opinion, among other things, denies prisoners such fundamental rights. Furthermore, a part of the convicted individuals suffers a life-long stigma as they keep being restricted in their rights – e.g., rights to employment or to family life – even after the conviction has been expunged. The State has to realise if it limits possibilities for convicted individuals to lead a legitimate life enjoying full rights, probability of repeated offences by such individuals will be higher. By unreasonably restricting inclusion of convicted individuals in its life, society endangers rather than protects itself.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69069976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Court’s Ability to Assess Evidence Obtained During Operational Activities","authors":"Gerda Klāviņa, Ansis Zanders","doi":"10.25143/socr.21.2021.3.149-158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.21.2021.3.149-158","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the court’s ability to assess information of evidence obtained during operational activities. It addresses only the cases where a person is found guilty of a criminal offence and criminal punishment has been imposed by a court judgment, without considering cases where the punishment has been determined by the public prosecutor when drawing up a penal order. The aim of the study is to examine the possibilities of the court to assess information of evidence about facts obtained in operational activities, to identify legal and practical issues for the court’s ability to assess such information, as well as to propose solutions. Material and methods used in the preparation of the article include analysis and description of regulatory enactments, court judgments, comparative and lo­gical method. These materials and methods help to achieve the goal of the research. Analysing normative acts and court judgments, describing normative acts and court judgments in the article, analysis and description of normative acts and court judgments have been used for the compositon of the research. The comparative method has been used to compare provisions of regulatory enactments, while the logical method has been used to draw conclusions. Methods of interpretation of legal norms – grammatical, systemic and teleological method – have also been used in the composition of the study. Keywords: court, criminal proceedings, evidence.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69071906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criminology as Trends in the Development of Science","authors":"A. Vilks, A. Kipāne","doi":"10.25143/SOCR.19.2020.1.039-048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/SOCR.19.2020.1.039-048","url":null,"abstract":"Criminology has a special place and is of special significance in law science. It does not always examine substantive or procedural rules and case law. The authors of the article emphasise criminology as a science of social law, the dominant object of cognition of which is socially significant phenomena (crime, drugs, corruption, prostitution, etc.), as well as the processes related to their combating and prevention. Crime is the product of various contradictions that evolve in society, a negatively directed function of society that reflects its resulting state of moral and social “health”. Dynamic social, economic, political, legal, administrative, organisational and other factors determine the constant cognition of socially undesirable and negative phenomena, improvement of research tools and approaches. Crime is transforming alongside social changes, in some cases even accelerating them. Despite the unjustified discounting of the significance of criminology as an independent science, it continues to develop. In the social science system criminology functions as a mission, creating an uncompromising attitude towards crime. Under the current circumstances and in line with the intense invasion of modern technologies crime is taking on new forms and shapes. It successfully moves to the virtual environment, increasing its latency level and significantly complicating the magnitude and negative effects of damage detection. A new modified field of cognition of crime and its related elements a arising – digital criminology. It could play an important role in the qualitative analysis and forecasting of crime, in identifying the determinants of crime, and in determining their impact on crime. Digital methods of examination of persons, including the use of positron emission tomography (PET) of brain scanning, would make it possible to identify persons with pronounced criminal inclinations. Digital technologies could be used in correctional institutions and establishments to help those who have served prison sentences related to deprivation of liberty, in their rehabilitation, as well as in the implementation of virtual deprivation of liberty and replacing of expensive and inefficient prisons with digital detention facilities.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69069826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problems of Recognition of Foreign Judgments and res judicata in European Union","authors":"Mykolas Kirkutis, Vigintas Višinskis","doi":"10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.075-083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.075-083","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the problematic aspects of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the European Union in relation to the application of the public policy clause. Analysis of the content of public order also constitutes part of the article. It focuses on the EU law instruments which provide unequal conditions for non-recognition of foreign judgments. The authors discuss if inclusion in the CJEU of the limits on the interpretation of the public order clause is a sufficient guarantee to ensure proper application of the public order clause. Moreover, the authors analyse the principle of res judicata according the EU law.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69070081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PSD1 from Perspective of ECJ","authors":"Anete Bože","doi":"10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.084-098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.084-098","url":null,"abstract":"Directive 2007/64/EC (known also as Payment Service Directive 1 – PSD1) and Directive (EU) 2015/2366 (known also as Payment Service Directive 2 – PSD2) both regulate payment services in the EU. PSD1 is no longer in force and it was replaced with PSD2 that provides the basis for a better integrated EU payments market, opens up a market for new types of payment services, allows to use new technologies to provide these services etc. The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has made some significant rulings that helped to understand some concepts from the PSD1 and PSD2 more clearly. In this article, the author gives reviews of the rulings of the ECJ that are related to payment services, PSD1 and gives her own opinion on the possible impact of the respective rulings. The article was based on methods of general scientific research and interpretation of legal norms and analysis of the case-law of the ECJ. The aim of this article is to review some of the ECJ judgments related to payment services and PSD1.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69070092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"China’s Voting Practice at the UN Security Council, Its Legal and Political Interpretation: Case of Syria","authors":"Gunda Reire","doi":"10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.099-114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.099-114","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines intersection of three contemporary issues that occupy academic thought intensively: China’s global politics, its changing voting practice at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and the international response to the civil war in Syria. The aim of the article is to provide quantitative and qualitative analysis of China’s voting practice in the UNSC regarding the civil war in Syria, to outline a legal and political interpretation of its voting patterns and to conceptualise China’s politics in the UNSC regarding this issue. The article argues that reasons behind China’s rapidly growing use of the veto in the UNSC regarding Syria are vaguely related to the case of Syria itself, but directly reflect the primacy of China’s domestic politics and its strategic aspirations to reshape global governance. Growing concern within the international community about the human rights abuses taking place on a mass scale against Uighurs in Xinjiang is the most prominent catalyst that enables and provokes China’s systemic reaction. Therefore, although China has neither geopolitical nor strategic interests in Syria, Syria’s case serves as a battleground for China’s attempts to transform the collectively accepted interpretation of multilateralism, democratic values, and norms. This aspect underlines the necessity to observe China’s politics from the perspective of social constructivism. Methodologically, this article draws on political discourse analysis theory, examines China’s arguments in the UNSC and argues that China’s voting behaviour in the UNSC regarding Syria focused on reinterpretation of two grand concepts of international law: state sovereignty and non-interference.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69070104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Piespiedu ārstēšana kā valsts pārvaldes uzdevums jeb kas ir kopīgs tifozajai Mērijai un Trakajam Ludvigam","authors":"Marina Loseviča, Oskars Bundža, Inga Kudeikina","doi":"10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.212-231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.212-231","url":null,"abstract":"The article concerns involuntary treatment of infectious and mental diseases. Development of the legal regulation since the 19th century has been described here. Quality of the existing legal regulation has also been evaluated. Issues of involuntary psychiatric treatment have been analysed and demonstrated by the international case-law and state court practice. Significant differences between legislation in mental and infectious diseases has been detected, as well as differences have been traced between legal standards in the area of involuntary placement and involuntary treatment of mental disorders in Latvia and other countries. It has been concluded that involuntary psychiatric treatment, in line with epidemiological safety, is a task of public governance in the area of domestic security and safeguarding of human rights and it has to be reinforced by governmental authority. Thus, proposal of elaboration of the corresponding law has been made.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69070792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting Asset Misappropriation: Forensic Accounting","authors":"J. Liodorova, Jūlija Barkauskas, Ruta Šneidere","doi":"10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.287-300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.287-300","url":null,"abstract":"The main task of the investigation of asset misappropriation is the correct classification of a crime: identification of the fact of misappropriation and determination of the amount of misappropriated assets. Specificity of asset diversity, asset accounting requirements, and a wide range of misappropriation opportunities require specialised knowledge in accounting and economics that investigators often lack. The aim of the study is to increase the knowledge of investigators in forensic accounting in order to increase effectiveness of investigations in detecting asset misappropriation. In this article, the authors, Latvian and Lithuanian accounting experts, talk about typologies of asset misappropriation and ways to detect misappropriation. The authors have compiled a list of red flags for misappropriation of assets and proposed an algorithm for determining the shortage or surplus of assets using forensic accounting methods. Research methods include: qualitative and quantitative methods of economic science, analysis of international standards and scientific literature, and graphical analysis.","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69070896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transportlīdzekļa vadītāja bēgšanas kriminalizēšanas tiesiskie aspekti","authors":"Māris Garjānis","doi":"10.25143/socr.18.2020.3.114-128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25143/socr.18.2020.3.114-128","url":null,"abstract":"Šī brīža tiesiskais regulējums Latvijā par transportlīdzekļa vadītāja bēgšanu vai par nepakļaušanos tādas personas atkārtotai vai vairākkārtējai prasībai apturēt transportlīdzekli (par bēgšanu), kura ir pilnvarota pārbaudīt transportlīdzekļa vadītāja dokumentus, paredz administratīvo atbildību, proti, piemēro naudas sodu transportlīdzekļa vadītājam no divsimt četrdesmit līdz četrsimt naudas soda vienībām un atņem transportlīdzekļu vadīšanas tiesības uz pieciem gadiem. Bēgšana var notikt ar iemeslu to darīt vai bez šāda iemesla, piemēram, pārbaudot policijas darbinieku sagatavotības līmeni vai transportlīdzekļu tehniskās iespējas. Tā var būt saistīta 1) ar personas centieniem izvairīties no atbildības par iepriekš izdarītu administratīvo pārkāpumu vai noziedzīgu nodarījumu, 2) ar personas pārsteigšanu noziedzīga nodarījuma izdarīšanas brīdī vai arī 3) ar citām krimināltiesiskām sekām, piemēram, personai kāda kriminālprocesa ietvaros kā drošības līdzeklis ir piemērots apcietinājums un noteikta šīs personas meklēšana, kuras rezultātā persona tiks ievietota ieslodzījuma vietā. Centieni izvairīties no administratīvās atbildības vai kriminālatbildības ir biežākais transportlīdzekļa vadītāja bēgšanas iemesls, jo bēgšanas uzsākšanas brīdī vadītajam, kurš ir pieņēmis lēmumu par šādu rīcību, rodas kļūdains priekšstats par veiksmīgu bēgšanas rezultātu, kas lielākoties dažādu iemeslu dēļ tomēr beidzas ar vajātā transportlīdzekļa vadītāja notveršanu. Apzināta transportlīdzekļa vadītāja bēgšana, nepakļaujoties pilnvaroto amatpersonu prasībai apturēt transportlīdzekli, galvenokārt ir saistīta ar sabiedriskās drošības un satiksmes drošības apdraudējumu, jo, vadītājam bēgot, tiek izdarīti dažādi rupji ceļu satiksmes noteikumu pārkāpumi, kā rezultātā tiek apdraudēti citi ceļu satiksmes dalībnieki, tostarp mazāk aizsargātie: gājēji, velosipēdu, mopēdu un motociklu vadītāji, tiek braukts ne tikai pa ceļiem, bet arī pa citām vietām, kas nav paredzētas transportlīdzekļu braukšanai, proti, ietvēm, gājēju ceļiem, velosipēdu ceļiem, kā arī pa vietām, kur transportlīdzekļu braukšanu pat nevarētu iedomāties, piemēriem, mežiem, pļavām, skvēriem, parkiem, bērnu rotaļu laukumiem. Ceļu satiksmes negadījuma izraisīšanas iemesli ir dažādi, galvenokārt tie ir atļautā braukšanas ātruma pārsniegšana un transportlīdzekļa vadīšana, atrodoties alkohola, narkotisko, psihotropo un citu apreibinošo vielu ietekmē. Bēgot persona vairāk uzmanības pievērš notiekošajam viņa transportlīdzekļa aizmugurē, kontrolējot operatīvā transportlīdzekļa un darbinieku rīcību, tādējādi novēršoties no ceļu satiksmes kontroles braukšanas virzienā, līdz ar to vadītājs rīkojas novēloti, savlaicīgi nesamazina transportlīdzekļa braukšanas ātrumu, pieņem kļūdainus lēmumus. Ja transportlīdzeklis tiek vadīts, atrodoties alkohola, narkotisko, psihotropo vai citu apreibinošo vielu ietekmē, ir jārēķinās, ka vadītāja reakcijas laiks palielinās, tādēļ vadītājs uz jebkurām satiksmes situācijas izmaiņām reaģē novēloti. Vi","PeriodicalId":34542,"journal":{"name":"Socrates","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69069749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}