Safety Fire Technology最新文献

{"title":"Guidelines for the Use of Voice Alarm Systems Based on the Analysis of Normative and Legal Documents Used in Selected European Countries","authors":"Urszula Garlińska, Tomasz Popielarczyk, Tomasz Sowa, Robert Śliwiński","doi":"10.12845/sft.57.1.2021.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.57.1.2021.1","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The aim of this publication is to present the results of theoretical research – evaluation of normative and legal documents used for the design and installation of voice alarm systems (VAS) in selected European countries. The aim of the research was to analyze and compare the functioning of voice alarm systems in Poland against the background of selected European countries. Introduction: Voice alarm systems are systems installed in buildings that enable the broadcast of warning signals and voice messages for the safety of people in the building. Mandatory use of voice alarm systems in selected buildings became applicable in Poland on January 16, 2006. In Europe, these systems have been present before. Over the years, there has been development of both the devices included in the systems, as well as the normative documents and legal acts that describe these systems. Methods: Within the research process, theoretical research was used, such as: analysis of literature and legal documents, synthesis, generalization, inference, comparison and analogy. As part of the research, documents from such countries as Poland, Great Britain (mainly England), Sweden, Norway, Germany and the Netherlands were analyzed. The selection of individual countries was guided by the level of development of these systems in a given country and the availability of source documents. Conclusions: The presented analysis of the requirements for the use of voice alarm systems shows how different the approach to the use of this type of systems is. Depending on individual experiences and the administrative structure of a given country, a variety of regulations, whether legal or normative (not always normative documents issued by state standardization institutions), can be seen in the field of voice alarm systems application. Unfortunately, one can get the impression that voice alarm systems are still not as popular as fire detection systems. The definition of the requirements for buildings in which the use of voice alarm systems should be obligatory and the requirements for the determination of the required level of speech intelligibility consti- tute the basis for the consistent development of this type of fire protection equipment. Such requirements should be specified either in legal regulations or in normative acts dedicated to voice alarm systems. Keywords: safety of evacuation, evacuation of buildings, voice alarm system, EN 54-16, EN 54-24, guidelines Type of article: review article","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66333577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Complex Approach to Thermal Testing of Firefighters’ Protective Clothing","authors":"Dorota Szułczyńska, J. Roguski","doi":"10.12845/sft.58.2.2021.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.58.2.2021.9","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: An extremely important property of firefighters’ special clothing is thermal resistance of the clothing materials to heat transfer from radiation or flame. Performing tests with the use of thermal mannequins may contribute to the improvement of clothing sets, as such tests indicate weak points of the tested products. The review article presents information on the testing of special clothing on mannequins and a short history of test stands with the use of thermal mannequins. Introduction: Using innovative techniques and technologies provides firefighters-rescuers with an appropriate level of safety. Special clothing is a barrier between the human body and the heat and water vapour from the environment. It is this garment that protects the human body from overheating or cooling down. Methodology: The general test procedure for using thermal mannequins is described in ASTM standards (for instance ASTM F2370 – 10 [1], ASTM F2371 – 10 [2]). Testing of special clothing allowing for an accurate assessment of the degree of protection of the human body against the effects of fire, flame and heat was initiated in the United States. The assumption of these works was to create a mannequin for testing the resistance of clothing equipped with heat sensors to flash fires. Currently, there are around 100 different models of thermal mannequins around the world. Technological progress in the post-war period resulted in the rapid development of mannequins built with a multi-segment structure. This allowed to increase the accuracy of the measurements that simulated heat exchange between the human body and the environment. The data obtained in this manner is repeatable, which allows for standardization of the test requirements for thermal insulation of clothing sets. Conclusions: Performing tests using thermal mannequins contributes to the improvement of clothing sets in order to increase the safety of the users. The results obtained under the test conditions very accurately indicate the number, location and degree of burns to which the user of such clothing may be exposed. Keywords: protective clothing, special clothing, thermal mannequin, thermal resistance, test stands to determine thermal loads Type of article: review article","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66334242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and Assessment of Hazards Caused by Chemicals Contaminating Selected Items of Firefighter Personal Protective Equipment – a Literature Review","authors":"S. Krzemińska, M. Szewczyńska","doi":"10.12845/sft.56.2.2020.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.56.2.2020.6","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the presented paper is to review the literature concerning the risks related to possible contamination with chemical substances of firefighter’s personal protective equipment (i.e. special clothing, special gloves, firefighter boots and balaclavas) during rescue operations. The authors focused on contamination resulting from the interaction of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds and phthalates. Introduction: During rescue operations, firefighters are exposed to chemicals which are inherent in fires in buildings and open spaces. The health hazards caused by chemicals accumulating on the surface of personal protective equipment, which can enter the firefighter’s body through the skin, posing a lethal threat, is becoming an increasingly recognized issue. Scientific research shows that chemicals generated during fires are harmful – a significant proportion of them has a confirmed carcinogenic and mutagenic effect. Methodology: The presented analysis of the issue of chemical contamination of personal protective equipment and the associated risks to the firefighter was prepared on the basis of a review of selected Polish and foreign literature. The main types of chemical pollutants with chemical substances and the determined levels of pollution were addressed in the paper, indicating the conditions under which they were obtained. Additionally, the properties of the most common groups of chemicals that contaminate personal protective equipment are described. The characteristics of firefighter’s personal protective equipment, with the particular focus on the materials used for special firefighter suit, are also presented. Conclusions: A review of relevant literature indicates that contamination of firefighter’s personal protective equipment were investigated mainly with respect to the presence of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds with a proven carcinogenic effect. Phthalates as substances posing a very high risk to fertility were less commonly studied. The high content of harmful chemicals in dirt present on the surface of the material of special clothing and on other personal protective equipment, as well as in the urine metabolites, indicates unequivocally the need for decontamination of personal protective equipment after every fire.","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66333448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Necessity of Searching for a New Security Paradigm in the World of Globalisation","authors":"Jolanta Żółnowska","doi":"10.12845/SFT.56.2.2020.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/SFT.56.2.2020.9","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the paper is to present arguments in favour of the necessity of seeking a new security paradigm in the globalisation era, a world that keeps changing dynamically, entangled in a network of interconnections and at risk. The scale and type of threats that contemporary communities are confronted with continually provide new impulses to revise the security paradigm. Introduction: The globalisation processes are transnational in nature, involve the entire international community and occur simultaneously. These processes are complex, and their impact on the security environment is equally complex. They make people aware and shape the need for security as one of the essential existential needs of societies. Efforts to find a new security paradigm in the contemporary world are part of the attempt to respond to global challenges and threats. The environment of the security entity, which is both man and the nation-state that tend to change as a result of globalisation processes, requires the implementation of in-depth analyses and a broad research perspective, which should take into account both the complexity and variability of the security phenomenon as such, as well as changes taking place in this environment. Methodology: The paper was devised using a problembased method based on a review of literature on the subject. Not only were the achievements of Polish science used, but also the sources presenting the results of research conducted by representatives of academia of various research provenance from Europe and the United States. Conclusions: The new global order is aimed at assuring human security, and needs to be based on a strong cultural foundation, one consisting of common values. The postulate of seeking a new security paradigm in the world of the globalization ear is a response to the challenges of the present times and threats that national societies and the international community must face. The cultural dimension of security and its axiological basis are of increasing importance here. Accordingly the global society may become a security community that shares common values, among which mutual accountability plays a particular role - both global solidarity and solidarity between people. Given the nature of ongoing processes and the changes that are taking place, some researchers support the necessity of adopting an approach to security which should be based on political science, and emphasise the necessity of working out of a paradigm characterised by a holistic approach to this issue.","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66333504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Knowledge of Polish University Technical Students on Using an Automated External Defibrillator (AED) – Survey Results","authors":"N. Schmidt-Polończyk, Jerzy Jaskuła","doi":"10.12845/sft.56.2.2020.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.56.2.2020.4","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The article presents the results of a survey, which assessed the knowledge of technical university studentson the use of AED (Automated External Defibrillator). The authors put forward two research hypotheses. The first one assumes that the respondents do not have sufficient knowledge about the use of AED. According to the second, the respondents assess their knowledge on using AED at a higher level than it actually is. Project and methods: The survey method was used to assess the knowledge about the location and proper use of the AED. Authors have conducted surveys with 133 respondents (42% women and 58% men) aged 20-24 (average 21.56 ± 0.95 years). Of all subjects, 91% had not previously performed any basic life support before. The questionnaire contained a number of questions that verify both the theoretical knowledge of the respondents and detailed practical knowledge regarding the proper use of the defibrillator. Results: The research results indicate that the level of knowledge about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) among the surveyed students of technical universities is limited. As many as 92% of respondents declared that they know what a defibrillator is used, but only 5% of respondents actually know what defibrillation is. Only 23% of respondents claimed to know the location of the defibrillator at their university, but in fact only 7% of them were able to pinpoint it. As many as 87% of students were not familiar with the location of the defibrillator in their area of residence. Furthermore, only 32% of the respondents answered the question correctly when the defibrillator should be used. Conclusions: The results of the survey indicate an important need for education – not only in terms of general knowledge and skills related to CPR and AED, but especially in practical information about the location of the nearest AED in the workplace, as well as place of residence. Information on the AED location should be included in the first aid training program. It is also important to instruct the audience where such data can be obtained. The authors would like to emphasize that efforts to increase the level of knowledge of lay people are necessary to improve the effectiveness of CPR and AED, and thus the survival of people during sudden life-threatening situations.","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66333391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health effects of exposure to ionising radiation","authors":"A. Trzos, Wiktoria Kudła, M. Korman","doi":"10.12845/sft.55.1.2020.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.55.1.2020.3","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The effects of ionising radiation on the human body has been discussed. The authors believe that the understanding of the radiation incidents from the perspective of its effects is crucial for better preparation, and therefore safer and more effective responses to incidents involving such threats. Introduction: The increasing use of radioactive materials and radiation producing devices in many areas of our lives carries the risk of exposure to high doses of radiation being hazardous to our health due to possible damage to radiation sources or improper handling. Exposure resulting from the intentional use of radioactive materials for criminal or terrorist purposes cannot be excluded, either. Exposure to ionising radiation may cause adverse health effects both to victims of a radiation incident and for rescuers providing emergency care. Such threats require the proper preparation of emergency medical services (EMS). Part of these preparations is to examine the specifics of radiation hazards, including radiation sources, the mechanism of injury of ionising radiation and the type of radiation damage. Methodology: The publication presents the properties of ionising, corpuscular and electromagnetic types of radiation, which are the most important from EMS’s perspective. The dangers of contact with a radiation source, the problem of external and internal contamination, the estimation of the amount of absorbed radiation were discussed, and the interrelationships between them were presented. The mechanism of direct and indirect action of ionising radiation on cell structures (DNA, mRNA, cytoplasmic membranes) and intracellular enzymes was thoroughly discussed. The authors presented health consequences of radiation for the body in the form of acute (deterministic) lesions and late (stochastic) lesions. Conclusions: Particular attention was paid to acute radiation syndrome (ARS). The dependence of ARS on the amount of absorbed radiation was dis-cussed in detail. Four stages of ARS were presented: initial, latent, manifest illness and recovery (or death) as well as the time of their onset, duration and end. The mechanism of damage to individual organs and systems was also analysed. The most common symptoms, their severity, and causes of life-threatening conditions, resulting from radiation damage in particular syndromes of ARS, were indicated. In addition to systemic effects, local changes in the form of Cutaneous Radiation Syndrome (CSR) were discussed.","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66332920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal Nanoparticles in Surface Waters – a Risk to Aquatic Organisms","authors":"Ilona Tomczyk-Wydrych","doi":"10.12845/sft.51.3.2019.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.51.3.2019.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66331213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Safety of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Missions in Storm and Precipitation Areas","authors":"H. Jafernik","doi":"10.12845/sft.54.2.2019.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.54.2.2019.15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66332479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The ethos of St. Florian’s knights","authors":"J. Krynicki","doi":"10.12845/sft.53.1.2019.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.53.1.2019.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66331676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Situation in Ukraine Concerning Fire Deaths","authors":"N. Ivashyna, A. Odynets","doi":"10.12845/sft.54.2.2019.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12845/sft.54.2.2019.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":34374,"journal":{"name":"Safety Fire Technology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66332834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}