{"title":"Facing Complexity","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190883645.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190883645.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"A moral dilemma is a situation from which you cannot escape without doing yourself some moral damage or injury. Human life is fraught with the moral complexity that gives rise to dilemmas. War and other warlike conflicts generate tangles of moral complexity. Leaders in particular face dilemmas when their obligations to their followers conflict with their more general ethical obligations, but anyone trying to stay alive under Stalin’s tyranny had to tell lies, as Nadezhda Mandelstam explains. Machiavelli gives strong reasons for a prince to lie and make false promises, but we must take his advice with caution. Leaders must be trusted, and lying undermines trust. Still, some lies may be justified, and others may be excused; justification and excuse are not the same. This chapter focuses on situations in which it appears that one must tell a lie; it concludes with a discussion of the reasons that count against lying.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129159828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Good Ears, Strong Voices","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Leadership is possible only when a team’s goals, as well as methods for achieving those goals, are in alignment. To bring this about, leaders must understand the goals of their team members and bring them into alignment through communication. That is why leaders need to be able to listen well before they speak and then speak powerfully. Colleges are well suited for teaching communication, but they must teach forms of communication that will be useful to students later on. In most cases, that does not include the academic paper. Teachers need to be aware of the kinds of communication that will engage students in their lives after college. Good communication requires practice and, above all, good character. Motivational speeches are well known, but the most powerful motivator seems to be a good example.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"365 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131406167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Teaching Ethical Failure","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"All teachers teach ethics by the examples they set, so professors must make sure they set good examples. In preparing people for business or war, teachers may fall into the trap of teaching people to take moral holidays, as Sophocles shows in his play, the Philoctetes. Teachers must also realize that they communicate values to their students in more subtle ways. The topics they avoid are significant; shunting ethics to one side or leaving it to the end of a course sends a message. “Gorgias syndrome” means the kind of teaching that puts the focus on winning while ignoring moral values. Placing emphasis on quantitative goals can also eclipse true values. On all topics, professors should believe in the value of what they teach for their students and the community.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"194 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120859416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alexander the Great Had Aristotle","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Leaders can emerge only under certain conditions; they need opportunities, experience, and education. Some famous leaders from the past have developed without formal education, but Alexander the Great studied with Aristotle. We should look at examples of leaders who changed the world without armies, however. Today, institutions of higher education can provide the necessary education, as well as opportunities and experience; they should do so intentionally in order to make good on their promise to students and parents. Opportunities arise inside and outside the classroom. Students should make the most of these opportunities in order to gain experience as leaders. Freedom is an essential component of opportunity for leadership, since leadership does not flourish in a strict hierarchical community. Education for leadership suits all students; there are many ways of being a leader, and in a healthy organization, every member is prepared to show leadership. Leaders need followers, of course, but good followers develop the same abilities as good leaders. This chapter outlines the main topics that the book will cover.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132901868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Summary of Recommendations for Change","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This book makes three basic recommendations. First, all degree programs should make room for a curriculum that deals with leadership—both in skills such as communication and in the understanding of the human situation. This curriculum will be especially heavy in the humanities: writing, speaking, history, literature, philosophy. Second, teaching methods in all courses should foster independence and creativity. Any course can be modified to include an element of leadership experience if students are organized in teams with rotating leadership. Third, students everywhere in higher education should be allowed time to flourish outside the classroom in existing clubs or in organizations that they start themselves. At the same time, older organizations that segregate by sex or race should be phased out as quickly as possible.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121895407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Facing Evil in Ourselves","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Leaders must know themselves in order to measure their limitations as well as their capacity for evil. Such knowledge can be a corrective for leaders’ behavior, as it appears to have been in the case of George Washington’s treatment of prisoners of war. It can also be grounds for compassion over the wrongdoing of others, as illustrated (by its absence) in Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure. Compassion is compatible with justice; it differs from clemency and pity and consists in an understanding of other people’s feelings. Compassion is easily lost by people in authority. And it is easily blocked toward a group’s outsiders. Leaders are responsible for failures of compassion in their teams (as occurred at Abu Ghraib). Socrates dedicated his life to the pursuit of self-knowledge and helped others along the way to realizing their own ignorance.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128805101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Facing Evil, Learning Guile","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Our students should be acquainted with such writers as Thucydides and Machiavelli, who understood that simple goodness in leaders may be harmful to their followers in a wicked world. Leaders have obligations to their followers along with their other ethical obligations; these may conflict in what I call the leadership dilemma. The leading citizens of Melos according to Thucydides relied on simple justice, rather than guile, and thereby led their people to disaster. Machiavelli urged that a prince use guile: You must be wicked in a wicked world, he said (in effect), but you must appear to be good—that is, you must wear what I call moral cosmetics. This is a dangerous tactic, for the use of guile undermines trust, which is essential to leaders. Facing evil in one’s own organization is a special challenge, as organizations have immune systems that resist change.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126638217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Leading from Freedom","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190883645.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190883645.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"A good curriculum for leadership emerges from a discussion of what it is to exercise leadership. Leadership is the opposite of tyranny, so it helps to start by identifying the features of tyranny that students recognize in domineering teachers, coaches, band directors, or parents. Leadership in the real world often blends with authority; even the worst dictators have shown some leadership. We need to distinguish the tools of leadership from those of tyranny, and real-world examples often obscure that distinction, so we need to study the concepts and values involved. Leadership goes beyond carrots and sticks: leadership is most apparent when followers are most free not to follow but do anyway. When women have succeeded as leaders this is especially enlightening, as they have rarely used authority to do so.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125270523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Finding Courage","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190883645.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190883645.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Courage appears to be the ability not to be deterred by fear or danger from doing what you ought to do, but this definition leaves many questions unanswered. No one at the human level has perfect courage. For human beings, courage is mainly a commitment to keep developing this sort of ability in a variety of contexts. You cannot develop this or any other virtue entirely on your own. To develop courage, you should have good examples among older people and a community that supports courage. You also need to be immune to false ideas about courage, such as equating it with fearlessness (a quality that is simply stupid). You should also avoid being taken in by false thoughts of cowardice, when others dare you to do bad or stupid things. It is not cowardice to hold back from action for fear of doing wrong.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124074033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Campus Revolution","authors":"P. Woodruff","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190883645.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This book calls for a revolution on today’s campus in curriculum (more humanities), in teaching methods (more independence for students), and in extracurricular activities (more opportunities for leadership). This chapter makes six recommendations to colleges, and one to college parents. First, bring the goals of students and faculty into alignment. Second, recognize that every teacher teaches ethics. Third, stop teaching altogether if your teaching style makes students passive. Fourth, replace professionally coached teams as much as possible with student sports clubs, and let the students hire their own coaches. Fifth, give students time for extra-curricular activities. Groups that discriminate by race or sex should be discouraged. Sixth (which sums up the first five), trust students to make good decisions for themselves. Finally, parents should let their college-age children grow up.","PeriodicalId":341832,"journal":{"name":"The Garden of Leaders","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127580194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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