IF 8.7

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.10.002

Yue Yuan , Zhenzhen Guo , Yin Yu , Yang Yang , Zhuowei Zhang , Changyong Wu , Hongbo Xi

{"title":"Simultaneous determination of benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone and phenethyl alcohol in petrochemical wastewater by solid-phase extraction coupled with GC/MS","authors":"Yue Yuan , Zhenzhen Guo , Yin Yu , Yang Yang , Zhuowei Zhang , Changyong Wu , Hongbo Xi","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, acetophenone, and phenethyl alcohol are important toxic organic compounds frequently detected in petrochemical wastewater. However, these substances are not yet regulated by existing national standards in China, and no official analytical method has been established for their determination. This study developed a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for their simultaneous determination. By optimizing SPE and chromatographic conditions using an HP-5MS column and temperature programming, all four analytes achieved good peak separation and linearity. Detection limits were below 0.07 mg/L, precision (RSD) remained under 3 %, and the actual water sample recovery rates ranged from 86.7 % to 99.5 %. The method shortens overall analysis time and simplifies the procedures, making it suitable for quantitative and qualitative assessments of these four toxic substances in petrochemical wastewater.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 203-208"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145975956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identifying aquifer recharge areas based on secondary information in the Chinchiná river basin and reviewing its current status 基于二次信息的钦钦河流域含水层补给区识别及现状回顾

IF 8.7

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.05.006

Diego A. Martínez Carrillo , Gloria Y. Flórez Yepes , Jose M. Bermúdez Piedrahita , Angela M. Alzate Álvarez , Erika J. Aldana Arcila , Paola A. Vásquez Cardona

{"title":"Identifying aquifer recharge areas based on secondary information in the Chinchiná river basin and reviewing its current status","authors":"Diego A. Martínez Carrillo , Gloria Y. Flórez Yepes , Jose M. Bermúdez Piedrahita , Angela M. Alzate Álvarez , Erika J. Aldana Arcila , Paola A. Vásquez Cardona","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Identifying potential aquifer recharge zones is essential for sustainable groundwater management, particularly in regions affected by land-use changes and climate variability. This study aimed to map and assess aquifer recharge areas in the Chinchiná River Basin using secondary data and GIS-based spatial analysis based on the soil balance method proposed by Schosinsky. Key variables included monthly precipitation, vegetation cover, slope, soil texture, and evapotranspiration. Infiltration coefficients ranged from 0.06 in steep areas to 0.30 in flat zones. Three main recharge zones were identified: the southeastern Rioclaro River sub-basin (200–300 mm/year), the northeastern Guacaica River sub-basin (100–200 mm/year), and the flatlands near the Cauca River mouth (300–400 mm/year). Vegetation cover significantly influenced infiltration rates, with dense forest showing higher retention capacity than agricultural or urban areas. However, unprotected zones such as the Guacaica and Cauca rivers are under increasing threat from deforestation and unplanned urban expansion. These findings highlight the importance of integrating hydrogeological assessments into regional land-use planning and align with national policies such as Colombia's National Water Policy and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6. The methodology provides a replicable framework for identifying recharge areas in similar tropical Andean basins where data availability is limited.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 139-150"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Conjugated microporous poly(pyrrole methylene) for simultaneous removal of acid red G and methylene blue 共轭微孔聚吡咯亚甲基同时去除酸性红G和亚甲基蓝

IF 8.7

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-03-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.02.004

Bianyan He , Yubing Wang , Jiarui Zhang , Xiaoxi Wu , Mingtao Li , Wei Yan

{"title":"Conjugated microporous poly(pyrrole methylene) for simultaneous removal of acid red G and methylene blue","authors":"Bianyan He , Yubing Wang , Jiarui Zhang , Xiaoxi Wu , Mingtao Li , Wei Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Industrial wastewater containing mixed ionic dyes poses a significant treatment challenge. Herein, a conjugated microporous poly(pyrrole methylene) (Py-PPA-CMP) was synthesized using pyrrole and p-phthalaldehyde as monomers, and its adsorption performance was evaluated with the representative anionic dye Acid Red G (ARG) and cationic dye Methylene Blue (MB) as model pollutants. Under neutral conditions, the adsorption performance of Py-PPA-CMP in the dual-component system significantly surpassed that in single-component systems, with the equilibrium adsorption capacity for ARG increasing from 20 mg g<sup>−1</sup> to 109 mg g<sup>−1</sup> and for MB from 60 mg g<sup>−1</sup> to 147 mg g<sup>−1</sup>. Remarkably, in the dual-component system, Py-PPA-CMP realized efficient simultaneous removal of ARG and MB across a wide pH range. ARG maintained high removal efficiencies (93–96%) under strongly acidic (pH 2), neutral (pH 7), and strongly alkaline (pH 11) conditions. Concurrently, MB removal was substantial (75%) at pH 2 and nearly reached completion (> 98%) at pH 7 and 11. This pH stability stands in stark contrast to that of single-pollutant systems, where adsorption is severely inhibited by pH-dependent electrostatic repulsion, resulting in a drastic decline in removal efficiency from 85% to 30%. This breakthrough overcomes the selective limitation of traditional adsorbents, highlighting its practical potential for complex wastewater treatment. Furthermore, this study establishes a design paradigm for the development of broad-spectrum dye adsorbents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 526-537"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147991590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Modification of microalgae-based toxicity assessment by continuously updating the tested solution: taking sulfonamide toxicity as an example 不断更新被试溶液对微藻毒性评价的修改——以磺胺毒性评价为例

IF 8.7

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.02.005

Meizi Yang , Kehan Zhou , Xinmei Jia , Ziyi Lou , Lin-Lan Zhuang , Jian Zhang

{"title":"Modification of microalgae-based toxicity assessment by continuously updating the tested solution: taking sulfonamide toxicity as an example","authors":"Meizi Yang , Kehan Zhou , Xinmei Jia , Ziyi Lou , Lin-Lan Zhuang , Jian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toxicity assessments using microalgae are commonly conducted to reflect the ecological risks posed by exogenous pollutants. In natural water, pollutant concentrations often remain constant due to continuous import from point or non-point sources. However, in the laboratory, pollutants are mixed with test organisms at the beginning of the toxicity assessment and are gradually biodegraded, which may not accurately reflect the continuous pollution present in natural conditions. Therefore, this study proposed a new method that fresh pollutants (three typical sulfonamides, SAs) were continuously provided to the testing organism (microalgae, <em>Chlorella vulgaris</em>) in the detection system. The difference in algal growth ratio between test group and control group (named Δr) was applied to reflect the toxicity of antibiotics. It was revealed that the three SAs caused greater inhibition or less promotion effect on 5–7 days' microalgae growth when using the proposed method, compared to the traditional method. This result demonstrated that the traditional test could under-estimate the antibiotic toxicity. Furthermore, a blueprint of the extended method and its corresponding device were proposed based on the idea of plug flow to determine the toxicity of antibiotics and their intermediate products generated during various treatment processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 417-421"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147600167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Characteristics of disinfection byproduct formation in outdoor swimming pool water: The effect of solar photolysis of chlorine disinfectants 室外游泳池水中消毒副产物的形成特点：太阳光解氯消毒剂的效果

IF 8.7

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.02.001

Ya-qi Li , Qiu-zhe Chen , Huang Huang

{"title":"Characteristics of disinfection byproduct formation in outdoor swimming pool water: The effect of solar photolysis of chlorine disinfectants","authors":"Ya-qi Li , Qiu-zhe Chen , Huang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chlorine disinfectants, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), are widely used in outdoor swimming pools. However, the effects of solar irradiation on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the presence of diverse organic precursors in outdoor pools remain poorly understood. This study systematically evaluated DBP formation in outdoor pool water disinfected with NaClO or TCCA under sunlight versus dark conditions. Solar irradiation markedly enhanced targeted DBP formation in actual pool water, with a greater increase for TCCA (75.9–104.2 %) than for NaClO (49.1–60.1 %). In simulated pool water, sunlight consistently elevated DBP yields across varying concentrations of body fluid analogues, chlorine doses, and light intensities. Notably, while TCCA produced fewer DBPs than NaClO in the dark, it generated comparable or higher concentrations under sunlight. Quenching and deoxygenation experiments indicated that photogenerated reactive species (e.g., OH·, Cl·, O(<sup>3</sup>P), O<sub>3</sub>) significantly promote DBP formation under light, with a particularly pivotal role in the TCCA system. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) further revealed that sunlight increased both the number and oxidation state of novel chlorinated DBPs. This increase corresponds to the light-enhanced conversion of precursor formulas, particularly larger, more saturated, and oxygen-rich molecular structures. These findings provide the first molecular-level evidence that sunlight not only elevates the abundance of known DBPs but also drives the formation of more diverse and oxidized species, highlighting the need to explicitly account for solar exposure in the risk assessment and management of outdoor pools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 378-387"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147537680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Induction and prediction modeling of the VBNC waterborne pathogens under chlorine disinfection in drinking water 氯消毒条件下饮用水中VBNC水媒病原菌的诱导与预测模型

IF 8.7

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.01.002

Bingbing Guo , Xuan Ni , Chicheng Yan , Ji Ouyang , Lei Jiang , Changzheng Cui

{"title":"Induction and prediction modeling of the VBNC waterborne pathogens under chlorine disinfection in drinking water","authors":"Bingbing Guo , Xuan Ni , Chicheng Yan , Ji Ouyang , Lei Jiang , Changzheng Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) waterborne pathogens pose critical challenges to the microbial safety of drinking water due to their resistance to chlorine disinfection and resuscitation risk. This study investigated the induction and resuscitation potential of VBNC <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>) and VBNC <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> (<em>P. aeruginosa</em>) under chlorine disinfection (0.5–4 mg/L) in drinking water, with resulting VBNC pathogen levels persisting at 10<sup>3</sup>–10<sup>4</sup> CFU/mL. At higher concentrations (2–4 mg/L), chlorine induced more <em>P. aeruginosa</em> to enter the VBNC state, while <em>E. coli</em> exhibited greater resuscitation potential. In contrast, lower chlorine concentrations induced a greater abundance of VBNC bacteria (10<sup>6</sup>–10<sup>7</sup> CFU/mL), which also corresponded to an increased resuscitation potential. Compared to their culturable state, chlorine-induced VBNC pathogens showed membrane contraction and reduced cell volume, along with upregulation of oxidative stress response genes (<em>katG</em>, <em>oxyR</em>, and <em>soxR</em>) by 1.8–5.1 folds, and the general stress response sigma factor (<em>rpoS</em>) by 4.4–9.7 folds. A three-dimensional dynamic model was developed based on the Chick-Watson law to accurately predict the formation of VBNC bacteria during chlorine disinfection (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.90). This study provides a theoretical and practical foundation for controlling microbial risks in drinking water through a model developed from the induction mechanisms of VBNC bacteria under chlorine disinfection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 358-367"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147537685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sensitivity and uncertainty of baseflow and discharge simulations using WetSpass-M in the Akaki catchment, central highlands of Ethiopia 利用WetSpass-M在埃塞俄比亚中部高地Akaki流域进行基流和排放模拟的敏感性和不确定性

IF 7.9

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.03.007

Getamesay Nigussie, Mekuria Argaw, Dessie Nedaw, Tsegaye Tadesse, Andreas Hartmann

{"title":"Sensitivity and uncertainty of baseflow and discharge simulations using WetSpass-M in the Akaki catchment, central highlands of Ethiopia","authors":"Getamesay Nigussie, Mekuria Argaw, Dessie Nedaw, Tsegaye Tadesse, Andreas Hartmann","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.03.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2026.03.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate estimation of baseflow and discharge is critical for sustainable water resource planning, particularly in tropical catchments with limited data quality. This study evaluated the sensitivity, uncertainty, and multi-objective performance of the WetSpass-M model in the Akaki catchment and its sub-catchments (Legedadi and Gefersa) in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The model incorporates meteorological, physiographic, and groundwater data. By varying the model parameters and using two potential evapotranspiration (PET) datasets—FAO Penman–Monteith (S1) and GLEAM (S2)—a total of 78 simulations were conducted, followed by one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. The results indicate that the runoff delay factor (X) is the most sensitive parameter across all sites, whereas the recharge contributing factor (∅) and soil moisture parameter (LP) have a moderate influence. In Akaki, GLEAM (S2) overestimated the baseflow more than FAO Penman–Monteith (S1). Legedadi predominantly overestimated baseflow, whereas Gefersa showed more variable and inconsistent responses. In both the catchment and sub-catchments, the discharge uncertainty was lower than the baseflow uncertainty. Multi-objective performance analysis further revealed that in Akaki, S1 generally outperformed S2 in baseflow prediction, whereas sub-catchment scale simulations demonstrated low model performance, particularly in Legedadi, highlighting the need for localized calibration-verification and high-quality observed data. Overall, the study underscores the critical role of PET dataset selection and model parameterization in hydrological modeling and highlights the need for comprehensive sensitivity and uncertainty analyses to improve model reliability and support informed water management decisions in rapidly urbanizing catchments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 583-599"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148565978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Leaching-resistant armor nano-cobalt embedded biochar for efficient removal of sulfamethoxazole and microcystin-LR via PMS activation 抗浸出盔甲纳米钴包埋生物炭的PMS活化高效去除磺胺甲恶唑和微囊藻毒素lr

IF 8.7

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.10.001

Fengling Rao , Menglin Zhou , Fengqin Chang , Yan Peng , Sanshuang Gao , Xueyong Cui , Lingyang Pan , Wenjie Li , Yuanpai Shi , Guangzhi Hu

{"title":"Leaching-resistant armor nano-cobalt embedded biochar for efficient removal of sulfamethoxazole and microcystin-LR via PMS activation","authors":"Fengling Rao , Menglin Zhou , Fengqin Chang , Yan Peng , Sanshuang Gao , Xueyong Cui , Lingyang Pan , Wenjie Li , Yuanpai Shi , Guangzhi Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Environmentally remediation demands sustainable catalytic solutions that combine high efficiency with low environmental impact. This study presents a novel strategy for preparing a composite of N-doped carbon layer-encapsulated armor Co nanoparticles supported on coffee grounds-based biochar (ArmCo-C) as an eco-friendly Fenton-like catalyst. This innovative catalyst effectively activates peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to achieve exceptional removal efficiencies of 99.5 % for the persistent organic pollutant (POP) sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and 99.2 % of the hepatotoxic cyclic structural heptapeptide microcystin-LR (MC-LR) under optimized conditions. Through electron paramagnetic resonance and radical capture experiments, we elucidate the degradation mechanisms, revealing that nonradical degradation via singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) dominates the SMX degradation process. Furthermore, we speculate a potential degradation pathway for MC-LR based on the LC-MS-identified intermediates, providing molecular-level insights into cyclic peptide breakdown. The proposed Co-based armor catalyst provides valuable insights into advanced oxidation technologies and the upcycling of solid waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 209-218"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146022435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Boric acid modified zero-valent iron enhanced activation of periodate for sulfamethazine removal: Performance and mechanism 硼酸修饰的零价铁增强高碘酸盐去除磺胺乙嗪的活性：性能和机理

IF 8.7

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.12.002

Yusi Tian , Jiahui Shang , Wenyue Li , Chunxiang Jia , Zhiwei Gao , Liqiang Zhang , Yuwei Pan , Shang Gao

{"title":"Boric acid modified zero-valent iron enhanced activation of periodate for sulfamethazine removal: Performance and mechanism","authors":"Yusi Tian , Jiahui Shang , Wenyue Li , Chunxiang Jia , Zhiwei Gao , Liqiang Zhang , Yuwei Pan , Shang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the enhancement of periodate (PI) activation using boric acid-modified zero-valent iron (BA-ZVI) for the degradation of sulfamethazine (SMT). Only 5.4 % of SMT was removed in 15 min in the ZVI/PI system, while 98.5 % of SMT was removed in 15 min in the BA-ZVI/PI system. A more than 100-fold increase in the pseudo-first-order rate constant for SMT removal was observed in the BA-ZVI/PI system compared to the ZVI/PI system. Characterization of BA-ZVI revealed that BA-ZVI contained lower corrosion potential, higher proportion of Fe<sup>2+</sup>, lower contact angle suggesting the better activity and the presence of B on the BA-ZVI surface could accelerate the recycle of Fe<sup>2+</sup>. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further revealed that the adsorption energy of PI on the BA-ZVI surface was lower than that on the ZVI surface. <sup>•</sup>OH, O<sub>2</sub><sup>•-</sup>, <sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>, IO<sub>3</sub><sup>•</sup> and Fe<sup>IV</sup> were all involved in the removal of SMT, and <sup>•</sup>OH played most important role in BA-ZVI/PI system. The generation of intermediates during SMT degradation effectively mitigated overall toxicity, while PI remained stable and did not convert into hazardous iodine compounds. Various affecting factors affecting the SMT removal in BA-ZVI/PI system were also conducted. BA-ZVI/PI system had good recycle ability, better performance for treating various antibiotics and kept good performance for antibiotic in natural freshwater. To summarize, the present study (BA-ZVI/PI system) provides environmentally friendly methods for removing antibiotics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 338-347"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147537700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of halides on the formation of cytotoxicity and adsorbable organic halogen in peroxymonosulfate disinfection process 卤化物对过氧单硫酸盐消毒过程中细胞毒性及可吸附有机卤素形成的影响

IF 8.7

Water Cycle Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.12.005

Ming-Qi Ye , Jie-Yu Cao , Yu-En Guo , Yi-Yi Hu , Wei Hu , Min Liu , Ying Chen , Ye Du

{"title":"Influence of halides on the formation of cytotoxicity and adsorbable organic halogen in peroxymonosulfate disinfection process","authors":"Ming-Qi Ye , Jie-Yu Cao , Yu-En Guo , Yi-Yi Hu , Wei Hu , Min Liu , Ying Chen , Ye Du","doi":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.watcyc.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is a promising disinfectant; however, the formation of toxic byproducts during its application in water disinfection has raised concerns. This study investigates the influence of halides (Cl<sup>−</sup>, Br<sup>−</sup>, I<sup>−</sup>) on cytotoxicity and adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) formation during PMS disinfection, aiming to clarify the associated toxicity risks in PMS-based water treatment processes. Three secondary effluent (SE) samples and Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) solutions were used to evaluate cytotoxicity. Results showed that PMS disinfection significantly increased cytotoxicity across all SE samples, with higher halide concentrations and PMS dosages further exacerbating this effect. The order of cytotoxicity induced by different halides was I<sup>−</sup> > Br<sup>−</sup> > Cl<sup>−</sup>: at 200 μg/L I<sup>−</sup>, 2 mg/L Br<sup>−</sup>, and 200 mg/L Cl<sup>−</sup>, the cytotoxicity increments (in mg-phenol/L) ranged from 6.71 to 6.76 for SRNOM and 4.01–5.90 for SE with I<sup>−</sup> and Br<sup>−</sup>, respectively, compared to 0.88–1.48 for Cl<sup>−</sup>. AOX formation was positively correlated with both PMS dosage and halide levels, with adsorbable organic iodine (AOI) and adsorbable organic bromine (AOBr) contributing more significantly than adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl). Regression analysis confirmed a strong positive correlation between cytotoxicity and AOX concentrations (<em>p</em> < 0.05), particularly for AOI, indicating that highly toxic iodinated and brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are key contributors to the observed increase in toxicity. This study highlights that halides, especially I<sup>−</sup> and Br<sup>−</sup>, enhance toxicity risks during PMS disinfection by promoting the formation of toxic halogenated DBPs, thereby providing critical insights for evaluating the safety of PMS applications in water treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":34143,"journal":{"name":"Water Cycle","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 302-310"},"PeriodicalIF":8.7,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147448969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Water Cycle最新文献