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The Labor Supply Consequences of the Opioid Crisis 阿片类药物危机的劳动力供给后果
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2021-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3899329
David Powell
{"title":"The Labor Supply Consequences of the Opioid Crisis","authors":"David Powell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3899329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3899329","url":null,"abstract":"An emerging literature considers the role of the opioid crisis on labor outcomes, suggesting that increased access to opioids may have led to decreased national labor supply. This paper uses the introduction of OxyContin and geographic variation in its launch to study the labor supply consequences of the opioid crisis. This geographic variation provides an opportunity to study lasting differences in labor supply across states with different exposure to the opioid crisis. This paper uses an event study framework but shows, theoretically and empirically, that a standard event study model with covariates can produce misleading evidence on both the existence of pre-existing trends and post-treatment effects. I implement a simple modification to this standard framework which permits consistent estimation. The results suggest that the opioid crisis played a meaningful role in reducing labor supply for the working-age population.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"305 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114824471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
Who Gets Counted as Part of America’s STEM Workforce? The Implications of Different Classification Approaches for Understanding the Gender Gap in STEM 谁算美国STEM劳动力的一部分?不同分类方法对理解STEM性别差异的意义
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2018-10-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3300391
Drew M. Anderson, M. Baird, Robert Bozick
{"title":"Who Gets Counted as Part of America’s STEM Workforce? The Implications of Different Classification Approaches for Understanding the Gender Gap in STEM","authors":"Drew M. Anderson, M. Baird, Robert Bozick","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3300391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3300391","url":null,"abstract":"The STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) economy has been defined by top-down categorizations of occupations by experts. This study takes a bottom-up approach, directly asking a national sample of workers to self-classify their jobs as STEM or not. We identify a sizeable group of workers in what we call the “periphery STEM workforce,�? who report working STEM jobs outside of traditional STEM occupations. Women are more likely than men to be in the periphery STEM workforce, but they do not receive significantly higher wages than do non-STEM workers. This aspect of the gender pay gap is invisible using the current classification schemes.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115811308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Re-Evaluating the Returns to Language Skills Using Latent Trait Estimates 使用潜在特质评估重新评估语言技能的回报
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2017-10-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3072060
J. Marrone
{"title":"Re-Evaluating the Returns to Language Skills Using Latent Trait Estimates","authors":"J. Marrone","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3072060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3072060","url":null,"abstract":"Past studies have established a sizable wage premium for immigrants who learn the language of their destination country. However, these measurements are usually based on self-reported ordinal measures of spoken language fluency, which are problematic and inconsistent in several ways. Using detailed survey data from United States and France, this paper constructs more robust latent trait measures of language fluency using well-established psychometric methods, and re-evaluates the evidence for the wage premium. The results show that measures of spoken fluency alone conflate those with and without non-verbal skills (reading, writing, and comprehending) and therefore overestimate the wage premium for speaking. I find that the additional wage premium attributable to full verbal/nonverbal fluency is as large as that for verbal fluency alone. In addition, I provide evidence that the skills separating verbal-only from full fluency are generally related to education and training before immigration rather than to skills acquired after. Finally, I show that systematic differences in survey response between demographic groups are not a major source of measurement bias.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131136085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lessons Learned from Stabilization Initiatives in Afghanistan: A Systematic Review of Existing Research 从阿富汗稳定行动中吸取的教训:对现有研究的系统审查
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2017-04-11 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2987581
R. Plumb, Jacob N. Shapiro, S. Hegarty
{"title":"Lessons Learned from Stabilization Initiatives in Afghanistan: A Systematic Review of Existing Research","authors":"R. Plumb, Jacob N. Shapiro, S. Hegarty","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2987581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2987581","url":null,"abstract":"This report summarizes findings from a review of 89 studies on development and stabilization programming in Afghanistan.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126701007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Characterization of Fertility Levels in Brazil, 1970-2010 1970-2010年巴西生育水平特征
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2015-04-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2798918
Ernesto F. L. Amaral, Mariana Eugenio Almeida, Guilherme Quaresma Gonçalves
{"title":"Characterization of Fertility Levels in Brazil, 1970-2010","authors":"Ernesto F. L. Amaral, Mariana Eugenio Almeida, Guilherme Quaresma Gonçalves","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2798918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2798918","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010 Brazilian Demographic Censuses, in order to investigate the associated factors with a woman having had a live birth during the year prior to each census. We estimated logistic regression models for women aged 10-49 years. As independent variables, we selected region of residence, rural/urban location, presence of electricity, color/race, religion, marital status, labor market participation, time of residence in the municipality, information about whether they had a stillbirth, age, education, and parity. Our findings confirm that the probability a woman had a child is higher in the North and Northeast regions, as well as in households without electricity. Women that have a greater chance of having had a child are black/brown, Catholic, married, non-labor market participants, short-term migrants, experienced a stillbirth, between 20-29 years of age, have less education, and have higher parity. Patterns have been changing throughout time, thus posing questions for further analyses.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124868113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A Theory of Education and Health 《教育与健康理论
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2015-03-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2798899
T. Galama, H. van Kippersluis
{"title":"A Theory of Education and Health","authors":"T. Galama, H. van Kippersluis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2798899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2798899","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a unified theory of human capital with both health capital and, what we term, skill capital endogenously determined within the model. By considering joint investment in health capital and in skill capital, the model highlights similarities and differences in these two important components of human capital. Health is distinct from skill: health is important to longevity, provides direct utility, provides time that can be devoted to work or other uses, is valued later in life, and eventually declines, no matter how much one invests in it (a dismal fact of life). Lifetime earnings are strongly multiplicative in skill and health, so that investment in skill capital raises the return to investment in health capital, and vice versa. The theory provides a conceptual framework for empirical and theoretical studies aimed at understanding the complex relationship between education and health, and generates several new testable predictions.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124289008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 19
Effects of Demographic and Educational Changes on the Labor Markets of Brazil and Mexico 人口和教育变化对巴西和墨西哥劳动力市场的影响
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2015-02-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2798893
Ernesto F. L. Amaral, B. Queiroz, J. Calazans
{"title":"Effects of Demographic and Educational Changes on the Labor Markets of Brazil and Mexico","authors":"Ernesto F. L. Amaral, B. Queiroz, J. Calazans","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2798893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2798893","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the impact of demographic and educational changes on the earnings and returns to schooling of workers in Brazil and Mexico. Our analysis takes into account demographic, educational and economic variations within each country over time, using Censuses microdata from Brazil and Mexico. Results suggest that demographic and educational transitions generate impact on earnings and on returns to education. The proportion of people in age-education groups tends to have a negative impact on earnings. These impacts are more detrimental among age-education groups with higher education, but they are having less of a negative effect over time. We also find that the concentration of skilled labor has positive impacts on the rates of returns to education and that they are greater than those observed in more developed countries. Moreover, in Brazil and Mexico, these effects are observed throughout the income distribution, contrary to what is observed in studies for the United States.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125892325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The (Non-) Effect of Violence on Education: Evidence from the 'War on Drugs' in Mexico 暴力对教育的(非)影响:来自墨西哥“毒品战争”的证据
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2015-02-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2793566
Maciej Wysocki, C. Wójcik
{"title":"The (Non-) Effect of Violence on Education: Evidence from the 'War on Drugs' in Mexico","authors":"Maciej Wysocki, C. Wójcik","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2793566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2793566","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing interest in economic literature on the pervasive effects of violence exposure on human capital accumulation. However, this literature has come short on disentangling the direct effects of violence on individuals' schooling decisions from the indirect effects related to the destruction of infrastructure which inevitably accompanies armed conflict. In this paper we study the sharp increase in violence experienced in Mexico after 2006, known as \"The War on Drugs\" and its effects on human capital accumulation. This upsurge in violence is expected to have direct effects on individuals' schooling decisions but not indirect effects as severe destruction of infrastructure was absent. In addition, the fact that the marked increases in violence were concentrated in some municipalities (and not in others) allows us to implement a fixed effects methodology to study the effects of violence on education outcomes. Differently to several recent studies that have found significant negative effects of violence on economic outcomes in Mexico, we find evidence that this is not the case, at least in terms of human capital accumulation. By using several sources of data we show that at most very small effects on total enrollment exist. We also show that these small effects on enrollment may be driven by some students being displaced from high violence municipalities to low violence municipalities; but the education decisions of individuals do not seem to be highly impacted. We also discard the possibility that the effects on enrollment of young adults appear small due to a counteracting effect from ex-workers returning to school (i.e. we discard the possibility that crime reduced labor force participation, and those affected enrolled in school). These results stand in contrast with recent evidence of the negative effects of crime on short-term economic growth since minimal to null effects of violence on human capital accumulation today should have little to none adverse effects on long-term growth outcomes in Mexico.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128672081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 24
Medical Care Spending and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Workers' Compensation Reforms 医疗保健支出和劳动力市场结果:来自工人补偿改革的证据
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2014-10-23 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2401860
David Powell, S. Seabury
{"title":"Medical Care Spending and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Workers' Compensation Reforms","authors":"David Powell, S. Seabury","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2401860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2401860","url":null,"abstract":"Medical care represents an important component of workers' compensation benefits with the potential to improve health and post-injury labor outcomes, but little is known about the relationship between medical care spending and the labor outcomes of injured workers. We exploit the 2003--2004 California workers' compensation reforms which reduced medical spending disproportionately for workers incurring low back injuries. We link administrative claims data to earnings records for injured workers and their uninjured coworkers. We find that workers with low back injuries experienced a 7.6 percent post-reform decline in medical care, and an 8.1 percent drop in post-injury earnings relative to other injured workers.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128107635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 30
Cross Validation Bandwidth Selection for Derivatives of Multidimensional Densities 多维密度导数的交叉验证带宽选择
RAND Corporation Law Pub Date : 2014-10-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2533259
M. Baird
{"title":"Cross Validation Bandwidth Selection for Derivatives of Multidimensional Densities","authors":"M. Baird","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2533259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2533259","url":null,"abstract":"Little attention has been given to the effect of higher order kernels for bandwidth selection for multidimensional derivatives of densities. This paper investigates the extension of cross validation methods to higher dimensions for the derivative of an unconditional joint density. I present and derive different cross validation criteria for arbitrary kernel order and density dimension, and show consistency of the estimator. Doing a Monte Carlo simulation study for various orders of kernels in the Gaussian family and additionally comparing a weighted integrated square error criterion, I find that higher order kernels become increasingly important as the dimension of the distribution increases. I find that standard cross validation selectors generally outperform the weighted integrated square error cross validation criteria. Using the infinite order Dirichlet kernel tends to have the best results.","PeriodicalId":340671,"journal":{"name":"RAND Corporation Law","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116900517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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