Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B最新文献

{"title":"Variability-aware Behavioural Learning","authors":"Sophie Fortz","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609007","url":null,"abstract":"Addressing variability proactively during software engineering activities means shifting from reasoning on individual systems to reasoning on families of systems. Adopting appropriate variability management techniques can yield important economies of scale and quality improvements. Conversely, variability can also be a curse, especially for Quality Assurance (QA), i.e., verification and testing of such systems, due to the combinatorial explosion of the number of software variants. Featured Transition Systems (FTSs) were introduced as a way to represent and reason about the behaviour of Variaility-intensive Systems (VISs). By labelling a transition system with feature expressions, FTSs capture multiple variants of a system in a single model, enabling reasoning at the family level. They have shown significant improvements in automated QA activities such as model-checking and model-based testing, as well as guiding design exploration activities. Yet, as most model-based approaches, FTS modelling requires both strong human expertise and significant effort that would be unaffordable in many cases, in particular for large legacy systems with outdated specifications and/or systems that evolve continuously. Therefore, this PhD project aims to automatically learn FTSs from existing artefacts, to ease the burden of modelling FTS and support continuous QA activities. To answer this research challenge, we propose a two-phase approach. First, we rely on deep learning techniques to locate variability from execution traces. For this purpose, we implemented a tool called VaryMinions. Then, we use these annotated traces to learn an FTS. In this second part, we adapt the seminal L algorithm to learn behavioural variability. Both frameworks are open-source and we evaluated them separately on several datasets of different sizes and origins (e.g., software product lines and configurable business processes).","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"64 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132869498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Software Product Lines for Development of Evolutionary Robots","authors":"Sören Nienaber, Mohammad Divband Soorati, Arash Ghasemzadeh, Javad Ghofrani","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609018","url":null,"abstract":"Evolutionary Robotics utilizes evolutionary algorithms for training robot controllers (e.g., neural networks) and adapting robot morphologies for different environments in design and runtime. One of the main challenges in robotics is the lack of reusability as AI-based robot controllers have to be trained from scratch for any change in the environment or a new task specification that a robot should adapt to. Training Artificial Neural Networks can be computationally heavy, time-consuming, and hard to reuse due to their monolithic black-box nature. The building blocks of emerging behaviors from Artificial Neural Networks cannot be fully separated or reused. We address the issue of reusability and propose an incremental approach for applying the reusability of behaviors. We implemented an Evolutionary Robotics framework to form a product family of robots. This product family is used to show the feasibility of our method for handling variability in a domain. Our results can be used to demonstrate a sample binding between the software product lines and machine learning domains.","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126100954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A configurable approach to cyber-physical systems fuzzing","authors":"Guillaume Nguyen","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609005","url":null,"abstract":"Operational Technology has gotten a growing place in our daily lives. With the increasing number of devices (connected or not), the need for a clean environment that allows effective and efficient testing is also increasing. Furthermore, some devices are connected to the physical world with the ability to affect it. Assembling those specific devices with at least a sensor, an actuator, and a (micro)processor creates Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs). With such power in the hands of machines, it is imperative that they behave as expected and that they resist disruptive environments (whether from cyber attacks, unwanted noise, or environmental disturbance). Indeed, the impacts of an unexpected behavior could lead to significant damage (disruption of the production line, overheating of a nuclear reactor, false fire alarm, etc.). That is why the safety and the security of those systems should also be at the center of concerns. As the definition of those systems is quite simple, one can assemble various components to create a unique CPS. One could also modify an existing CPS to satisfy a specific need (e.g., a fire alarm system modified to detect carbon monoxide in the air, changing communication protocols or programming languages used for the sake of maintainability). To test such highly-configurable systems, there are multiple techniques. Fuzzing works particularly well with any system by sending pseudo-random inputs. To adapt to specific systems and test requirements (coverage, resources, etc.), fuzzing is itself highly-configurable (Grammar-based, symbolic, probabilistic, etc.). This is why it could perform particularly well with CPSs, which all might require a different and specific testing approach depending on their interfaces, components, etc. Currently, no frameworks allow for the classification of CPSs to enable the automatization of the generation of tests following their requirements. That is why this thesis will take a configurable approach to find and recommend the most suitable classification of CPS for testing and comparing the various fuzzing techniques to find the most effective ones based on relevant features and requirements of CPSs.","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"228 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121864663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generative AI for Reengineering Variants into Software Product Lines: An Experience Report","authors":"M. Acher, Jabier Martinez","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609016","url":null,"abstract":"The migration and reengineering of existing variants into a software product line (SPL) is an error-prone and time-consuming activity. Many extractive approaches have been proposed, spanning different activities from feature identification and naming to the synthesis of reusable artefacts. In this paper, we explore how large language model (LLM)-based assistants can support domain analysts and developers. We revisit four illustrative cases of the literature where the challenge is to migrate variants written in different formalism (UML class diagrams, Java, GraphML, statecharts). We systematically report on our experience with ChatGPT-4, describing our strategy to prompt LLMs and documenting positive aspects but also failures. We compare the use of LLMs with state-of-the-art approach, BUT4Reuse. While LLMs offer potential in assisting domain analysts and developers in transitioning software variants into SPLs, their intrinsic stochastic nature and restricted ability to manage large variants or complex structures necessitate a semiautomatic approach, complete with careful review, to counteract inaccuracies.","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122605574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FLAMA: A collaborative effort to build a new framework for the automated analysis of feature models","authors":"J. Galindo, J. Horcas, Alexander Felferning, David Fernández-Amorós, David Benavides","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609008","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, feature models are the de facto standard when representing commonalities and variability, with modern examples spanning up to 7000 features. Manual analysis of such models is challenging and error-prone due to sheer size. To help in this task, automated analysis of feature models (AAFM) has emerged over the past three decades. However, the diversity of these tools and their supported languages presents a significant challenge that motivated the MOD-EVAR community to initiate a project for a new tool that supports the UVL language. Despite the rise of machine learning and data science, along with robust Python-based libraries, most AAFM tools have been implemented in Java, creating a collaboration gap. This paper introduces Flama, an innovative framework that automates the analysis of variability models. It focuses on UVL model analysis and aims for easy integration and extensibility to bridge this gap and foster better community and cross-community collaboration.","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129264018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The e4CompareFramework: Annotation-based Software Product-Line Extraction","authors":"Kamil Rosiak, Ina Schaefer","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609012","url":null,"abstract":"Software product-line engineering (SPLE) provides structured reuse strategies reducing the time-to-market and decreasing development and maintenance effort when developing variant-rich software systems. In practice, however, unstructured reuse strategies such as clone-and-own are frequently used. While copying, pasting, and modifying artifacts to create new variants seems straightforward, it increases the maintenance effort. SPLE requires the extraction of a software product-line (SPL) from existing variants. However, this task needs complex analyses that are not feasible manually, making tool support crucial. This paper presents a process for annotation-based extraction of an SPL from related variants with a detailed source code analysis starting from the expression level implemented as the e4CompareFramework (e4C). The e4CompareFramework provides a customizable detailed variability mining method, a generalization from our previous work. In addition, we implemented a feature location technique and an annotation-based feature model extraction technique to provide a complete SPL extraction process.","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133385926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Continuous Product Updates under Consideration of HW-and SW-Releases: The Potential of Product Structuring Concepts","authors":"Philipp Zellmer","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609006","url":null,"abstract":"The automotive industry is undergoing a transformation driven by rapid developments in technologies, business models and mobility concepts. As a result, customers are increasingly demanding additional, improved, or customized functionalities, services, and features of vehicles. Consequently, the number of functions, electronic control units, and software is increasing, through which modern cars are becoming complex cyber-physical systems. This transition from mechanically-based to software-intensive, intelligent systems provides extensive opportunities for enhancing vehicles but also presents organizational challenges in their planning, development, and approval. To address these challenges, the automotive industry is adopting methods such as product generation, electrics/electronics (E/E) platforms, and software product line engineering. Although these concepts are well-established and widely acknowledged in their respective research areas and various domains, there is limited practical effectiveness when it comes to implementing these concepts, especially in the context of software-driven automotive systems. Additionally, most of the requirements, such as vehicle's systems safety and security and software maintenance using over-the-air updates, are getting more important with the change of vehicles becoming digital smart devices on wheels. Our methodology starts with an investigation of existing product-structuring concepts that consider both hardware and software artifacts to derive the challenges and practical applicability to the automotive industry, as well as other cyber-physical systems, by applying a systematic mapping study. Based on the findings of the mapping study regarding challenges and issues of product-structuring concepts related to software-driven automotive systems, we analyze, discuss, and evaluate the requirements within our research group to develop specific criteria. These criteria form the basis for developing an assessment method to support the practical applicability of product-structuring concepts and decision making in managing electric/electronic platforms.","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115158551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Reuse of Existing Configurations for Testing Evolving Feature Models","authors":"A. Bombarda, S. Bonfanti, A. Gargantini","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609017","url":null,"abstract":"Software Product Lines (SPLs) are used for representing a variety of highly configurable systems or families of systems. They are commonly represented by feature models (FMs). Starting from FMs, configurations, used as test cases, can be generated to identify the products of interest for further activities. As the other types of software, SPLs and their FMs may evolve due to changing requirements or bug-fixing. However, no guidance is usually given on what to do with derived configurations when an FM evolves. The common approach is based on generating all configurations from scratch, which is not optimal since a greater effort is required for concretizing the new tests, and some of the old ones may be still applicable. In this paper, we present the use of a technique for generating combinatorial tests for evolving feature models: this technique incrementally builds the new combinatorial configuration set starting from the one generated from the previous model. Furthermore, we present a novel definition of dissimilarity among configuration sets that can be used to evaluate how much an evolved test suite differs from the previous one and thus allows evaluating the effort required for adapting old test cases to the new ones. Our experiments confirm that using the proposed technique, in general, leads to lower dissimilarity and test suite size w.r.t. the generation of tests from scratch.","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"294 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115251575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GIS-Publisher: From a Geographic Data Set to a Deployed Product with One Command","authors":"David de Castro, Alejandro Cortiñas, Victor Lamas, M. R. Luaces","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609009","url":null,"abstract":"In our research laboratory, we have been working on developing a software product line (SPL) specifically tailored for generating web-based geographic information systems (GIS). In addition, we have also designed a domain specific language (DSL) to make configuring our products as easy and flexible as possible. Over time, we have utilized this product line to create small GIS products, aiming to simplify the process of publishing and sharing geographic data. The steps involved in generating and deploying this kind of products are consistently repeated, so they can be easily automated. Doing so, we further reduce the time to market for this set of simple products, and minimize the complexity associated with the entire process. This article introduces GIS-Publisher, a tool that allows users to easily generate web applications from a directory containing a collection of shapefiles (a popular format for storing geographic data). These web applications can be also automatically deployed on their preferred machine, whether it is locally, remotely (via SSH), or even on an AWS instance. Moreover, the tool also supports the definition of custom styles for each shapefile, granting users full control over the visual representation of their geographic data.","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116984253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DSDGen: Extracting Documentation to Comprehend Fork Merges","authors":"J. Krüger, Alex Mikulinski, Sandro Schulze, Thomas Leich, Gunter Saake","doi":"10.1145/3579028.3609015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3579028.3609015","url":null,"abstract":"Developers use the forking mechanisms of modern social-coding platforms to evolve and maintain their systems. Using such mechanisms often leads to a larger number of independent variants with individual features or bug fixes that the developers may want to merge after a longer period of co-evolution. At this point, they may have forgotten (or never had) knowledge about differences between the variants. Tackling this problem, we built on the idea of on-demand documentation to develop a technique that automatically extracts and presents information for merging a class from two forks. We implemented our technique as a prototype called DSD-Gen and evaluated it through an experimental simulation with 10 students who should comprehend two real-world merge requests. Using DSDGen instead of code diffs only, more of the students could correctly comprehend the merges (6 / 10 versus 2 / 10) within a similar time. The students actively inspected the additional information provided by DSDGen and used it to comprehend the differences between the forked classes. So, DSDGen can help developers recover information for comprehending the differences caused by fork co-evolution during merges, with our results indicating opportunities for future research and improvements.","PeriodicalId":340233,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume B","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130505799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}