International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility最新文献_第5页

How cloud computing can support on-demand assistive services 云计算如何支持按需辅助服务

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461140

Davide Mulfari, A. Celesti, A. Puliafito, M. Villari

引用次数: 27

Captions versus transcripts for online video content 在线视频内容的字幕与文本

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461142

R. Kushalnagar, Walter S. Lasecki, Jeffrey P. Bigham

{"title":"Captions versus transcripts for online video content","authors":"R. Kushalnagar, Walter S. Lasecki, Jeffrey P. Bigham","doi":"10.1145/2461121.2461142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461121.2461142","url":null,"abstract":"Captions provide deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) users access to the audio component of web videos and television. While hearing consumers can watch and listen simultaneously, the transformation of audio to text requires deaf viewers to watch two simultaneous visual streams: the video and the textual representation of the audio. This can be a problem when the video has a lot of text or the content is dense, e.g., in Massively Open Online Courses. We explore the effect of providing caption history on users' ability to follow captions and be more engaged. We compare traditional on-video captions that display a few words at a time to off-video transcripts that can display many more words at once, and investigate the trade off of requiring more effort to switch between the transcript and visuals versus being able to review more content history. We find significant difference in users' preferences for viewing video with on-screen captions over off-screen transcripts in terms of readability, but no significant difference in users' preferences in following and understanding the video and narration content. We attribute this to viewers' perceived understanding significantly improving when using transcripts over captions, even if they were less easy to track. We then discuss the implications of these results for on-line education, and conclude with an overview of potential methods for combining the benefits of both onscreen captions and transcripts.","PeriodicalId":339122,"journal":{"name":"International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility","volume":"2004 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114129501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 31

Understanding users in the wild 了解野外的用户

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461133

Aitor Apaolaza, S. Harper, C. Jay

{"title":"Understanding users in the wild","authors":"Aitor Apaolaza, S. Harper, C. Jay","doi":"10.1145/2461121.2461133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461121.2461133","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory studies are a well established practice that present disadvantages in terms of data collection. One of these disadvantages is that laboratories are controlled environments that do not account for unpredicted factors from the real world. Laboratory studies are also obtrusive and therefore possibly biased. The Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) community has acknowledged these problems and has started exploring in-situ observation techniques. These observation techniques allow for bigger participant pools and their environments can conform to the real world. Such real-world observations are particularly important to the accessibility community who has coined the concept accessibility-in-use to differentiate real world from laboratory studies. Real-world observations provide low-level interaction data therefore making a bottom-up analysis possible. This way behaviours emerge from the obtained data instead of looking for predefined models. Some in-situ techniques employ Web logs in which the data is too coarse to infer meaningful user interaction. In some other cases an exhaustive manual modification is required to capture interaction data from a Web application. We describe a tool which is easily deployable in any Web application and captures longitudinal interaction data unobtrusively. It enables the observation of accessibility-in-use and guides the detection of emerging tasks.","PeriodicalId":339122,"journal":{"name":"International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127662189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 35

Experiential transcoding: an EyeTracking approach 体验式转码:一种眼球追踪方法

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461134

Y. Yeşilada, S. Harper, Sukru Eraslan

引用次数: 38

The false dichotomy between accessibility and usability 可访问性和可用性之间的错误二分法

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461146

Ed H. Chi

{"title":"The false dichotomy between accessibility and usability","authors":"Ed H. Chi","doi":"10.1145/2461121.2461146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461121.2461146","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, accessibility researchers have focused on the barrier-free designs that make information available to a diverse set of user abilities and constraints. Usability practitioners and researchers have focused their efforts on making information interfaces usable by the average abled-bodied user.\u0000 The problem in this dichotomy is the myth of two assumptions. First, there is the myth of the \"average\" user. The first rule about psychology experiments is that often the individual subject variations in an experiment often overwhelm any effects that you're attempting to observe. We use the \"average user\" as a concept so that we have a prototypical user to design for, when in fact, often we're designing for a set of different user persona, use cases, and skill levels. Second, there is the myth of \"barrier-free\" design. Design is inherently an exercise in which we optimize for a certain set of use cases, while de-emphasizing other less important use cases. As a result, a design can never be entirely \"barrier-free\".\u0000 If we treat this dichotomy as false, we start to realize that a whole set of problems between the two fields are one and the same. If we reject the dichotomy, then we see that many accessibility problems are also usability problems, and vice versa. For example, language barriers in social media, mobile devices and their ease of use while walking, and the ability to input text using voice rather than typing are all accessibility and usability problems. To emphasize, usability and accessibility are both fundamentally about the ability to get at information resources and knowledge. Broadly, I see many opportunities to bridge this false dichotomy and will attempt to give examples during this talk.","PeriodicalId":339122,"journal":{"name":"International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125234798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Providing access to the high-level content of line graphs from online popular media 提供访问在线流行媒体线形图的高级内容

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461123

Priscilla S. Moraes, S. Carberry, Kathleen F. McCoy

{"title":"Providing access to the high-level content of line graphs from online popular media","authors":"Priscilla S. Moraes, S. Carberry, Kathleen F. McCoy","doi":"10.1145/2461121.2461123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461121.2461123","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents extensions to Interactive_SIGHT (Summarizing Information Graphics Textually), a system developed to provide sight-impaired individuals with access to information graphics present in multimodal documents from popular media. SIGHT is a Web-based tool that automatically recognizes the high-level knowledge of a graphic and generates natural language text, so screen readers are able to access it. Prior to this work, the SIGHT system was able to process and generate text only for simple bar charts. However, for graphics that are represented with lines and groups of bars, only the message recognition module has been developed. This work presents the steps that have been taken in order to construct a brief natural language summary that conveys the most important high-level content of single line graphs. It describes how the features of a line graph are identified and contextualized; how the content selection strategy was chosen and implemented; and how the propositions selected to convey the knowledge in the graphic are organized, allowing the discourse to be as clear and coherent as possible.","PeriodicalId":339122,"journal":{"name":"International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126326883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

W4A camp report: "2012 edition"

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461145

S. Harper, Y. Yeşilada, Markel Vigo

引用次数: 1

Three web accessibility evaluation perspectives for RIA RIA的三个web可访问性评估视角

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461122

N. Fernandes, Ana Sofia Batista, Daniel Costa, Carlos M. Duarte, L. Carriço

{"title":"Three web accessibility evaluation perspectives for RIA","authors":"N. Fernandes, Ana Sofia Batista, Daniel Costa, Carlos M. Duarte, L. Carriço","doi":"10.1145/2461121.2461122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461121.2461122","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing popularity of Rich Internet Applications (RIAs), several challenges arise in the area of web accessibility evaluation. A particular set of challenges emerges from RIAs dynamic nature: original static Web specifications can change dramatically before being presented to the end user; a user triggered event may provide complete new content within the same RIA. Whatever the evaluation alternative, the challenges must be met.\u0000 We focus on automatic evaluation using the current WGAG standards. That enables us to do extensive evaluations in order to grasp the accessibility state of the web eventually pointing new direction for improvement.\u0000 In this paper, we present a comparative study to understand the difference of the accessibility properties of the Web regarding three different evaluation perspectives: 1) before browser processing; 2) after browser processing (dynamic loading); 3) and, also after browser processing, considering the triggering of user interaction events.\u0000 The results clearly show that for a RIA the number of accessibility outcomes varies considerably between those tree perspectives. First of all, this variation shows an increase of the number of assessed elements as well as passes, warnings and errors from perspective 1 to 2, due to dynamically loaded code, and from 2 to 3, due to the new pages reached by the interaction events. This shows that evaluating RIAs without considering its dynamic components provides an erroneous perception of its accessibility. Secondly, the relative growth of the number of fails is bigger than the growth of passes. This signifies that considering pages reached by interaction reveals lower quality for RIAs. Finally, a tendency is shown for the RIAs with higher number of states also exposing differences in accessibility quality.","PeriodicalId":339122,"journal":{"name":"International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122440766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 28

Firefixia: an accessibility web browser customization toolbar for people with dyslexia Firefixia:为有阅读障碍的人提供的可访问性网页浏览器定制工具栏

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461137

Vagner Figuerêdo de Santana, Rosimeire de Oliveira, L. Almeida, Márcia Ito

{"title":"Firefixia: an accessibility web browser customization toolbar for people with dyslexia","authors":"Vagner Figuerêdo de Santana, Rosimeire de Oliveira, L. Almeida, Márcia Ito","doi":"10.1145/2461121.2461137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461121.2461137","url":null,"abstract":"People with dyslexia often face difficulties on consuming written content at the Web. This occurs mainly because websites' designs do not consider the barriers faced by them, since dyslexia is not taken into account as often as other functional limitations. Guidelines for designing accessible Web pages are being consolidated and studied. Meanwhile, people with dyslexia face barriers and develop workarounds to overcome these difficulties. This work presents a customization toolbar called Firefixia, especially designed to support people with dyslexia to adapt the presentation of Web content according to their preferences. Firefixia was tested by 4 participants with diagnosed dyslexia. The participants evaluated and provided us feedback regarding the toolbar most/least useful features. From the presented results, one expects to highlight the need for end-user customization features that are easy to access, easy to use, and easy to explore. Participants reported that the most useful customization features are the text size, the text alignment, and the link color. Finally, this work indicates promising directions for end-user customization tools such as Firefixia.","PeriodicalId":339122,"journal":{"name":"International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125245270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 48

Web accessibility snapshot: an effort to reveal coding guidelines conformance Web可访问性快照:揭示编码准则一致性的努力

International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility Pub Date : 2013-05-13 DOI: 10.1145/2461121.2461144

Vagner Figuerêdo de Santana, R. Paula

{"title":"Web accessibility snapshot: an effort to reveal coding guidelines conformance","authors":"Vagner Figuerêdo de Santana, R. Paula","doi":"10.1145/2461121.2461144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2461121.2461144","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decades, the Web has grown from dozens of webpages to the current 13.5 billion pages. This growth was not followed by a major conformance to markup coding guidelines. This impacts negatively the access of people with disabilities to the vast socio-economic-cultural transformations the Web engenders. For example, a form field without the proper label markup is an accessibility barrier for blind users. In this context, this work presents a study involving the Alexa.com's top 1,000 popular websites and a sample of random 1,000 websites to verify and contrast the conformance of these disjoint sets with the accessibility markup guidelines. The initiative proposed in this paper is the first iteration of the Web Accessibility Snapshot (WAS) project, which will from now on present regular updates on the numbers regarding the status of Web accessibility. With the presented results, one expects to support accessibility professionals, researchers, and practitioners by providing up-to-date information. Beyond that, we expect governments and other accessibility governance agency to consider the provided information when designing programs for fostering and enforcing the conformance to existing accessibility regulations and laws accordingly.","PeriodicalId":339122,"journal":{"name":"International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility","volume":"143 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115633882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6