International Journal of Multiphase Flow最新文献

{"title":"Improving drying performance of porous media by controlling surface pore size in convective drying","authors":"Seongmin Park ,&nbsp;Wonjung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105301","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105301","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In convective drying of porous media, water evaporates from surface pores exposed to hot air, while capillary pressure drives liquid transport from the interior. Since capillary pressure depends on pore structure, controlling surface pore size can significantly influence drying performance. This study examines the impact of surface pore size on drying efficiency in convective conditions. Experiments were conducted using spherical glass beads of different diameters to analyze moisture distribution and drying behavior. The results show that reducing surface pore size enhances drying rates by maintaining high liquid saturation at the surface. However, excessively small pores increase viscous resistance, limiting water transport to the surface and accelerating the transition to the falling drying rate period, ultimately reducing drying efficiency. The findings suggest that an intermediate surface pore size can minimize drying time by balancing liquid retention and transport. To validate this approach, we tested drying efficiency on common textiles using porous sheets with tailored pores, achieving a drying time reduction of approximately 30%. This study provides deeper insights into drying mechanisms in heterogeneous porous media and offers practical strategies for energy-efficient drying using porous sheets with controlled pore structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 105301"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Convection-driven mixing inside microdroplets","authors":"Paszkál Papp ,&nbsp;Linda Pecze ,&nbsp;Emese Lantos ,&nbsp;Petra Tóth ,&nbsp;Ágota Tóth ,&nbsp;Dezső Horváth","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Droplet generators represent a fast-growing area of microfluidics, since each volume of the dispersed phase functions as an individual microreactor, therefore they offer high throughput and reduced sample consumption. By injecting the dispersed phases containing the reactants, the mixing can be tuned separately, thus a higher control over reactions inside the droplets is achievable. The numerical investigation of such multi-phase and multi-component systems proposes various challenges, since the concentrations of species also depend on the distribution of phases.</div><div>In this article, we investigate the concentration distribution of the species in microfluidic droplet generators both experimentally and theoretically. Besides the characterization of the distribution of the dispersed and continuous phases, we have also studied the effect of injection rates on mixing inside the droplets. The size of the droplets decreases on increasing the flow rate of the oil phase and increases on increasing the flow rate of water phase compared to the oil phase. The numerical analysis based on solving the Navier–Stokes equation with volume-of-fluid method including a diffusive component in the aqueous phase corroborated the experimental findings. Furthermore, by determining the contribution of various transport processes to mixing of reactants inside the dispersed phases, we have shown that convection is dominant inside the droplets for all parameters used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"191 ","pages":"Article 105277"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144138390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical investigation of Richtmyer–Meshkov instability in shock accelerated finite thickness fluid layer with particles","authors":"Linfei Li ,&nbsp;Tai Jin ,&nbsp;Liyong Zou ,&nbsp;Kun Luo ,&nbsp;Jianren Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Richtmyer–Meshkov instability in shocked fluid layer with particles is numerically investigated. Six different types of fluid layer are set up to facilitate the exploration of the effect of the presence of particles and the effect of the initial thickness of the fluid layer on the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability relating to fluid layer. The interface morphology has been affected by the large particles (<span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> = <span><math><mrow><mn>40</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>), leading to many “wrinkles” being formed on the interface II₁, while the interface II₁ and interface II₂ under smaller particles (<span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> = <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> = <span><math><mrow><mn>20</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>) bear a strong resemblance to the case without particles. Moreover, the interface-coupling effect can have a certain impact on the evolution of the interface in narrow fluid layer. The presence of particles will increase the development of the mixing width during the passage of reflected shock wave due to the enhanced disturbance caused by particles and inhibit the growth of the mixing width at the late stage for the inhibition of the interface motion caused by particles. A similar RM instability evolution of small particles (<span><math><mi>d</mi></math></span> = <span><math><mrow><mn>5</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>μ</mi><mi>m</mi></mrow></math></span>) has be found, however, with a discernible lag behind the carrier fluid, which is ascribed to the particle inertia. Moreover, particle concentration characteristics and classical structures such as spikes and jets manifest in the evolution of interfaces as well.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 105270"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144130838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A numerical study of ellipsoidal particle interactions and droplet streams with shape oscillations","authors":"Alumah Arad ,&nbsp;David Katoshevski ,&nbsp;Visakh Vaikuntanathan ,&nbsp;Matthias Ibach ,&nbsp;Roi Bar-On ,&nbsp;Manish Kumar ,&nbsp;J. Barry Greenberg ,&nbsp;Bernhard Weigand","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105290","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105290","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-phase flows are studied in both Eulerian-Eulerian and Eulerian-Lagrangian approaches, focusing on linear arrays of particles and droplets, both ellipsoidal and spherical, both in contact and non-contacting. In the first part of this study, the drag coefficients for a stagnant array of particle pairs with different ellipsoidal aspect ratios and different separation distances in an air flow are determined in Eulerian Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations at steady state. From the steady state simulations (first type of simulations), new correlations for the drag coefficients of the leading and trailing droplets in a pair are obtained. Such correlations could potentially reveal the ratio of the drag coefficients of the ellipsoidal droplets in the stream to that of an isolated ellipsoidal droplet. In the second part of this study, transient discrete phase model (DPM) simulations of the grouping process in monodisperse streams of isopropanol droplet pairs in initially stagnant air are presented, utilizing Eulerian-Lagrangian modeling. For these simulations, a drag coefficient model is supplied initially. The usage of the drag coefficients obtained in the steady state Eulerian simulations (first type of simulations) for the subsequent transient DPM simulations (second type of simulations), is justified by the viscosity ratio between the droplet liquid and the ambient air, which is 131. For high viscosity ratio and low Weber number, the drag coefficient of a viscous sphere is similar to that of a solid sphere. Using these drag correlations from the first part of this study in transient DPM simulations of spherical droplets and oscillating droplet shapes in the second part, a slight decrease in collision time was observed for the oscillating droplets relative to the spherical droplets. Larger initial droplet velocity and smaller initial distance between droplets in a pair were found to increase the collision time difference between ellipsoidal and spherical droplets. These results coincide with the DNS results reported recently. Two mechanisms of grouping enhancement due to droplet shape oscillations are suggested. The first is the negative drag coefficient of the trailing droplet at specific geometries, which can be regarded as a weak attraction between the droplets. The second is the distance between the droplet centers at the collision time, which can either promote or delay coalescence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 105290"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144134908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An improved model for the axial vapor velocity in the DEBORA databank","authors":"Paul Rival,&nbsp;Fabrice François,&nbsp;Vincent Faucher","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105263","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105263","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the limitations of the vapor velocity data derived from the DEBORA C2900 campaign, which is frequently used for analysing boiling flow physics and validating Multiphase Computational Fluid Dynamics (MCFD) codes. While this campaign offers high spatial resolution in the radial direction, the values it provides for the vapor velocity rely on a modelling law rather than direct measurements. Comparisons with actual vapor velocity data from a different DEBORA campaign, featuring a lower resolution, reveal that the original model underestimates vapor velocity in flows outside of the highly subcooled domain. In response, we propose an alternative model for vapor velocity, based on said measurements. This model employs a turbulent profile law for radial velocity distribution and derives the mean vapor velocity from mass quality, using linear interpolation between two limit behaviours: homogeneous mixture at low void fractions and saturated flow at high void fractions. Our revised model demonstrates improved consistency with central symmetry and enhanced accuracy for higher void fractions. Additionally, we recalculated the estimations of bubble diameter originally featured in the databank using this new approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 105263"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the point-wise approach for the Turbulent Settling of finite-size particles","authors":"Francesco Battista ,&nbsp;Sergio Chibbaro ,&nbsp;Paolo Gualtieri","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study the settling of suspensions of relatively large particles with diameters of the order of ten Kolmogorov scales and densities slightly greater than that of the carrier fluid in statistically steady homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The particle-to-fluid density ratio is varied to obtain a wide range of Galileo numbers, which are the ratios of buoyancy and viscous forces. We analyze the problem using high-resolution one-way coupled direct numerical simulations where the particles are modeled as material points. The physical parameters are chosen in the same range used in recent particle-resolved simulations (PRS, Fornari et al., 2016; Fornari et al., 2016), against which we compare. The results of the point-wise simulations are in good agreement with those of the PRS, showing a reduced settling speed for the range of parameters studied, relevant for suspensions settling in aqueous media, at volume fractions up to a few percent for density ratios of the order of one. The results are obtained neglecting the inter-particles and particle–fluid interactions, while the various forces (e.g. Stokes drag, added mass, lift force) are deliberately included/excluded in the equations of motion of the particles to highlight their respective contributions. At a high Galileo number, the mean settling velocity is only slightly affected by turbulent fluctuations, and it is the same as that obtained for the settling velocity of a single particle in a quiescent fluid. As the Galileo number is reduced, the settling velocity is increasingly affected by turbulent fluctuations that cause a significant decrease in the particle sedimentation speed. The transition occurs in a parameter range where the settling velocity of the isolated particle in a quiescent fluid is the order of the root mean square value of the turbulent fluctuations.</div><div>The present results are particularly relevant for applications. Point-wise models endowed with an accurate description of the hydrodynamic force are effective in capturing the particle settling speed and other higher-order statistics as demonstrated by direct comparison against particle-resolved simulations (Fornari et al., 2016a; Fornari et al., 2016b).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 105276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiphase flow of dense granular material in a partially filled rotating drum","authors":"Athanasios Balachtsis,&nbsp;Yannis Dimakopoulos,&nbsp;John Tsamopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105286","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The two-dimensional granular flow within a partially filled rotating drum is investigated, using a stabilized Finite Element algorithm, coupled with a phase field method for capturing the interface between the granular medium and ambient air. The granular material rheology is modelled using the <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> constitutive equation within a continuum framework. A mesh-dependent instability associated with the original <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> rheology is identified, which is observed for the first time in the rotating drum configuration. This instability is removed by employing the partially regularized <span><math><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>I</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span>-model proposed by <span><span>Barker and Gray (2017)</span></span>, leading to stable simulations. We successfully reproduce the characteristic flow dynamics, reported in experimental studies, including the formation of the active and passive layers, and we compute the thickness of the active layer at mid-chord. We visualize the yielded/unyielded regions using the Drucker-Prager criterion, showing a strong resemblance to the active/passive layers. Through extensive parametric analysis, we explore the effects of angular velocity, filling degree, static friction coefficient and grain diameter on the flow. Our results provide insights into the relationship between these parameters and key flow characteristics, such as the kinetic energy, the dynamic angle of repose, the active layer thickness, and the yielded region dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 105286"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144124197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of turbulent natural convection in an air–water system with evaporation across the free surface","authors":"Julien Carlier ,&nbsp;Bérengère Podvin ,&nbsp;Miltiadis V. Papalexandris","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we analyze the properties of turbulent natural convection in a water-air system via Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). The flow domain is an open-top cuboid uniformly heated from below, while the water and air are separated by an evaporative interface. Direct numerical simulations of this problem were presented in an earlier publication of ours; herein we investigate in detail the emerging flow structures and the interaction between the two phases. In the water, the flow is organized around a dominant convective roll. In the gas the flow is due to combined thermal-concentration convection. The flow pattern is more complex and consists of an outer circulation plus an inner dual-roll structure with one roll above the other. First we discuss spectra of the thermal fluctuations. In the gas, the spectrum is bimodal. The high-frequency peak is due to natural convection while the low-frequency one is due to the interaction with water at the free surface. Then, we present the results of our POD analysis and elaborate on the properties of the dominant spatial and temporal modes. The spectra of the temporal modes are also examined herein. Our analysis shows that there is high correlation and coherence between the low-frequency signals in the dominant modes of the two phases, which implies that the convective patterns in the two phases influence each other. We also present the reconstructed snapshots with the dominant POD modes and discuss their influence. Our analysis shows that they provide a fairly accurate approximation of the instantaneous flow patterns. Further, in the water, the dominant mode modifies the length of the main convective roll, whereas the second mode tends to rotate its impingement point.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 105273"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143942814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New experimental insights into two-phase air–water bubbly and intermittent flow in large duct and cross-flow configurations","authors":"Antonio Chahine ,&nbsp;Daniele Vivaldi ,&nbsp;Guillaume Brillant","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on the characterization of two-phase air–water cross-flow in a tube bundle with square pitch configuration, and of the upward flow in the free duct region upstream of the bundle. Two measurement techniques were used: a wire mesh sensor and a dual optical probe. The research focuses on analyzing void fraction, gas velocity, gas–liquid interface/bubble shape and size, and two-phase flow regime transitions. Bubbly flow and intermittent flow regimes were investigated, by varying the gas flow rate for a fixed liquid flow rate. The intermittent flow showed a periodic generation of large gas structures in the central region of section. The frequency of these structures was obtained and found not to vary significantly between the free duct region downstream of the tube bundle, the region within the tube bundle and the region downstream of the bundle. Gas velocities could be measured as a function of the size of the gas structures. The profiles of void fraction and gas velocity at different positions within the tube bundle were measured and analyzed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 105266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two-phase flow mechanisms in cylindrical heterogeneous-wet capillaries","authors":"Yihang Xiao ,&nbsp;Yongming He ,&nbsp;Zhenjiang You ,&nbsp;Jun Zheng ,&nbsp;Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2025.105274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pore-scale displacement mechanisms govern the flow patterns in heterogeneous-wet porous media. Existing theoretical models built on the polygonal capillaries fail to capture fluid transport across the entire range of wettability parameters due to the limitations in fluid and wettability distributions, posing challenges for accurate prediction of macroscale flow processes. To address this knowledge gap, a novel model of two-phase flow for cylindrical capillaries featuring heterogeneous-wet state is proposed based on the Mayer-Stowe-Princen theory, taking into account the geometric evolution of displacement interfaces. According to the present model, the piston-like displacements driven by main terminal meniscus with dual curvatures, stepwise and mixed displacements controlled alternately by the main terminal and arc menisci are identified. Sensitivity analyses show that a diminished difference in contact angle facilitates the occurrence of piston-like flow, and reduces the influence of oil-wet proportion on capillary entry pressure. Moreover, stepwise displacements are primarily governed by the main terminal meniscus with a single curvature structure, whereas the upward sweep range of arc meniscus is wider during mixed flow involving both drainage and imbibition mechanisms. For stepwise displacement, as oil-wet proportion increases, the sweep range of the main terminal meniscus in oil-wet region expands, and that of the arc meniscus first increases and then decreases, reaching a maximum at an oil-wet proportion of 50 %. Furthermore, nonlinear flow occurs when arc meniscus is close to the capillary surfaces with strong wettability. Compared with the stepwise displacement, the piston-like flow exhibits stronger drainage resistance and imbibition dynamics due to the combined impacts of two wettabilities on the main terminal meniscus. This theoretical model effectively simulates two-phase flow across the full range of wettability parameters, laying the foundation for precise prediction of macroscale flow patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 105274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143907638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}