International Journal of Multiphase Flow最新文献

{"title":"A generalized k−ϵ model for turbulence modulation in dispersion and suspension flows","authors":"Roar Skartlien ,&nbsp;Teresa L. Palmer ,&nbsp;Olaf Skjæraasen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104549","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>A large amount of published data show that particles with diameter above 10% of the turbulence integral length scale (</span><span><math><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span><span>) tend to increase the turbulent kinetic energy<span> of the carrier fluid above the single-phase value, and smaller particles tend to suppress it. We attempted to remove limitations in earlier modeling efforts for solids on the coupling between the particles and turbulence, and better fits to the turbulence modulation amplitude as function of </span></span><span><math><mrow><mi>D</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>l</mi></mrow></math></span><span> was achieved for a number of data sets. Explicit algebraic forms of the full model were derived using asymptotic analysis, and these are general enough for application to emulsions, bubbles and solids in bulk regions of multiphase turbulent flow.</span></p><p><span>Rigorous particle-kinetic theory was used to derive the work exchanged between the particles and the fluid due to both drag and added mass forces, where the latter is essential for low or moderate particle/fluid density ratios, enabling a well justified model also for emulsions and bubbles. A novel sub-model for turbulence production by vortex shedding due to turbulence-generated </span>slip velocity was incorporated, where earlier models took the slip velocity as an input parameter. The correct asymptotic limit of vanishing turbulence modulation for small tracer particles was also provided, giving better fit to the data for small particles.</p><p>We found that turbulence augmentation for large diameter solids is due to vortex shedding, and turbulence suppression for small diameters is due to mainly to turbulent drag forces and extra fluid dissipation – a conclusion that agrees with earlier models for solids, despite their possible shortcomings. An important finding is that the mechanisms for turbulence suppression for bubbles and emulsion droplets are similar to those of solids, but with the addition of added mass scaling factors. Another important observation is that augmentation may not occur at all for bubbles or emulsion droplets since the larger diameters require moderate turbulence levels to prevent breakup, so that vortex shedding may be insignificant.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104549"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3452659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model for proppant dynamics in a perforated wellbore","authors":"E.V. Dontsov","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104552","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>This paper presents a model to simulate behavior of particle-laden slurry in a horizontal perforated wellbore<span> with the goal of quantifying fluid and particle distribution between the perforations. There are two primary phenomena that influence the result. The first one is the non-uniform particle distribution within the wellbore’s cross-section and how it changes along the flow. The second phenomenon is related to the ability of particles to turn from the wellbore to a perforation. Consequently, the paper considers both of these phenomena independently at first, and then they are combined to address the whole problem of flow in a perforated wellbore. A mathematical model for calculating the particle and velocity profiles within the wellbore is developed. The model is calibrated against available laboratory data for various flow velocities, particle diameters, </span></span>pipe diameters<span>, and particle volume fractions. It predicts a steady-state solution for the particle and velocity profiles, as well as it captures the transition in time from a given state to the steady-state solution. The key dimensionless parameter that quantifies the latter solution is identified and is called dimensionless gravity. When it is small, the particles are fully suspended and the solution is uniform. At the same time, when the aforementioned parameter is large, then the solution is strongly non-uniform and resembles a flowing bed state. A mathematical model for the problem of particle turning is developed and is calibrated against available experimental and computational data. The key parameter affecting the result is called turning efficiency. When the efficiency is close to one, then most of the particles that follow the fluid streamlines going into the perforation are able enter the hole. At the same time, zero efficiency corresponds to the case of no particles entering the perforation. Solutions for the both sub-problems are combined to develop a model for the perforated wellbore. Results are compared (not calibrated) to a series of laboratory and field scale experiments for perforated wellbores. Comparison with the available computational results is presented as well. In addition, the comparison is presented in view of the </span></span>parametric space defined by the dimensionless gravity and turning efficiency. Such a description allows to explain seemingly contradictory results observed in different tests and also allows to highlight parameters for which perforation orientation plays a significant role.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104552"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1890072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A filtering approach for the conservative Allen–Cahn equation solved by the lattice Boltzmann method and a numerical study of the interface thickness","authors":"Kenta Sato ,&nbsp;Shunichi Koshimura","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The numerical solution to the conservative Allen–Cahn (AC) equation obtained by the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is problematic due to the creation of an unphysical phase in the bulk region. In this study, we propose an approach to suppress this unexpected behaviour by filtering the phase-field function. In the AC equation simulations, the phase-field function typically oscillates in the bulk region and overshoots or undershoots near the interface. The aim of the filtering approach is to create a smooth interface profile through several filtering iterations and improve the calculation accuracy of the interfacial normal. We demonstrate that the filtering process effectively suppresses the creation of an unphysical phase through Zalesak’s disc rotation and single vortex tests. The filtering process improves the accuracy of the calculated interface tension under the same thickness for a stationary droplet benchmark test. A comparative study with the Cahn-Hilliard (CH) equation is conducted for a single rising bubble flow. The characteristics of both equations are discussed. Furthermore, the filtered conservative AC equation is found to preserve the shape of the rising bubble well.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104554"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2555022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of vertical core-annular flow with a turbulent annulus","authors":"Haoyu Li,&nbsp;M.J.B.M. Pourquié,&nbsp;G. Ooms,&nbsp;R.A.W.M. Henkes","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) with the Launder &amp; Sharma low-Reynolds number <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow></mrow></math></span> model was used to simulate core-annular flow in the same configuration with vertical upflow as considered by Kim &amp; Choi (2018), who carried out Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS), and by Vanegas Prada (1999), who performed experiments. The DNS are numerically very accurate and can thus be used for benchmarking of the RANS turbulence model. There is a large ratio between the oil and water viscosities, and the density difference between the water and oil is only small. The frictional pressure drop was fixed and the water holdup fraction was varied. Differences between the RANS and DNS predictions, e.g. in the wave structure and in the Reynolds stresses, are discussed. Despite the shortcomings of the considered Launder &amp; Sharma low-Reynolds number <span><math><mrow><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mrow><mi>ε</mi></mrow></mrow></math></span> model in RANS, in comparison to DNS, the RANS approach properly describes the main flow structures for upward moving core-annular flow in a vertical pipe, like the travelling interfacial waves in combination with a turbulent water annulus. The Fanning friction factor with RANS is 18% lower than with DNS, and the holdup ratio with RANS is only slightly higher than with DNS (i.e. it has a slightly larger tendency to accumulate water in RANS than in DNS).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104551"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1632589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of a sessile nanofluid droplet freezing with an immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann model","authors":"Chaoyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuai Yin ,&nbsp;Hui Zhang ,&nbsp;Chun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The freezing process of a sessile nanofluid droplet has been reported to behave differently from a pure sessile water droplet in terms of freezing dynamics and the final shape of the ice droplet. When nanoparticles are added to the water droplet, instead of forming a pointed tip on the top, the completely frozen droplet exhibits a flat plateau shape. To investigate this unique scenario, we developed a lattice Boltzmann (LB) model that combines the multiphase solidification model (MSM) with the immersed boundary method (IBM). The MSM is based on our previous work of simulating the freezing of a pure droplet, while the IBM is used to handle the interaction forces between the suspended particles and the different phases in the freezing droplet. Using this LB model, we succeeded in simulating the formation process of the frozen plateau shape. The simulation takes into account the dynamics of the dispersed particles, including their expulsion from the propagation freezing front and their segregation, which brings the liquid water to the edge. We compared the simulated freezing shape profiles with the experimental images and found that the shape forms in a similar manner. We then used the developed model to explore more cases, considering the effects of droplet contact angles and particle volume concentration. Results show that the distribution of particles and final droplet height depend on the surface wettability, as the freezing front exhibits a concave/convex shape on hydrophilic/hydrophobic surfaces, resulting in different particle separation distributions on the freezing front interface. Furthermore, our simulation results confirm the experimental conclusion that the plateau size on the frozen top increases with particle concentration and appears to be independent of the initial droplet contact angle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104553"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1632590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Newtonian turbulent jets at low-Reynolds number","authors":"Giovanni Soligo,&nbsp;Marco Edoardo Rosti","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104546","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We perform direct numerical simulations of planar jets of non-Newtonian fluids at low Reynolds number, in typical laminar conditions for a Newtonian fluid. We select three different non-Newtonian fluid models mainly characterized by shear-thinning (Carreau), viscoelasticity (Oldroyd-B) and shear-thinning and viscoelasticity together (Giesekus), and perform a thorough analysis of the resulting flow statistics. We characterize the fluids using the parameter <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>, defined as the ratio of the relevant non-Newtonian time scale over a flow time scale. We observe that, as <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span> is increased, the jet transitions from a laminar flow at low <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>, to a turbulent flow at high <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span>. We show that the different non-Newtonian features and their combination give rise to rather different flowing regimes, originating from the competition of viscous, elastic and inertial effects. We observe that both viscoelasticity and shear-thinning can develop the instability and the consequent transition to a turbulent flowing regime; however, the purely viscoelastic Oldroyd-B fluid exhibits the onset of disordered fluid motions at a lower value of <span><math><mi>γ</mi></math></span> than what observed for the purely shear-thinning Carreau fluid. When the two effects are both present, an intermediate condition is found, suggesting that, in this case, the shear-thinning feature is acting against the fluid elasticity. Despite the qualitative differences observed in the flowing regime, the bulk statistics, namely the centerline velocity and jet thickness, follow almost the same power-law scalings obtained for laminar and turbulent Newtonian planar jets. The simulations reported here are, to the best of our knowledge, the first direct numerical simulations showing the appearance of turbulence at low Reynolds number in jets, with the turbulent motions fully induced by the non-Newtonian properties of the fluid, since the Newtonian case at the same Reynolds number is characterized by steady, laminar flow.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3140453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oblique bouncing of a droplet from a non-slip boundary: computational realization and application of self-spin droplets","authors":"Chengming He ,&nbsp;Zhixia He ,&nbsp;Peng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104548","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent studies have demonstrated the significance of droplet spinning motion on droplet collision outcomes and raised the question of generating spinning droplets in an experiment. The present work proposed the idea of making an initially non-spinning droplet self-spin by its oblique impact on a non-slip boundary. We computationally demonstrated the feasibility of the idea and exploited its application in the binary collision of spinning droplets. Specifically, a parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of impact velocity, impact angle, and liquid viscosity on the spinning droplet. The results showed that a larger impact velocity or a larger liquid viscosity causes an increased angular speed of the spinning droplet, however increasing impact angle leads to a nonmonotonic variation of the angular speed. The oblique-impact-induced droplet spin is attributed to the asymmetric gas film flow, asymmetric lubrication pressure, and shear stress within the gas film region, leading to the earlier bouncing motion on one side to rotate the droplet. In addition, the synergetic effects of the droplet stretching length and the intensity of asymmetric lubrication pressure account for the variation of droplet spin angular speed and droplet separation. As a preliminary application of the proposed idea, the feasible technical approach of realizing the binary collision of spinning droplets was computationally realized.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1795684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of entry geometry on droplet dynamics in contraction microchannel","authors":"Van Thanh Hoang ,&nbsp;Van Duong Le ,&nbsp;Jang Min Park ,&nbsp;Bich-Tram Truong-Le","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In droplet-based microfluidic systems, the movement and control of liquid droplets are primarily governed by microchannel geometry. The aim of this study is to examine droplet dynamics in contraction microchannels by using three-dimensional simulation and theoretical modeling. This work specifically describes three regimes of the droplet dynamics, including the trap, squeeze, and breakup regimes, and investigates the effects of capillary number (<em>Ca</em>), entry angle (<span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>), and contraction channel ratio (<em>C</em>). Additionally, a theoretical model is proposed to describe the transition between squeeze and trap regimes, which depends on the entry angle. The critical value of capillary number (<em>Ca</em>₁<em>_c</em>) for this transition is observed to be <span><math><mrow><mi>C</mi><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>a</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msup><mi>C</mi><mi>M</mi></msup><mo>−</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>α</mi></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math></span>, where <em>a</em> and <em>b</em> are fitted parameters. Meanwhile, the entry angle is found to have no influence on the transition from squeeze to breakup regime. The droplet deformations, retraction, and/or breakup position are quantitatively investigated for a wide range of capillary number and entry angle. The aforementioned findings would provide valuable recommendations for designing contraction micro channels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104543"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"3452654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mechanistic model to predict saturated pool boiling Critical Heat Flux (CHF) in a confined gap","authors":"Albraa A. Alsaati,&nbsp;David M. Warsinger,&nbsp;Justin A. Weibel,&nbsp;Amy M. Marconnet","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104542","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span><span>Boiling enables high rates of heat transfer from a surface made possible at a relatively low thermal resistance motivating the use of two-phase cooling for increasingly compact thermal management solutions. However, extreme geometrical confinement of the liquid above the boiling surfaces is known to have </span>detrimental effects on maximum </span>heat transfer rate<span> by inducing premature onset of film boiling. Moreover, previously developed critical heat flux (CHF) models for confined geometries<span> focused on triggering mechanisms associated with unconfined pool boiling<span> and, thus, are not generalizable. This work proposes a new mechanistic model for predicting CHF during boiling within in narrow gap, specifically developed to account for </span></span></span></span>confinement effects on the triggering mechanism. The model postulates that occurrence of CHF coincides with the irreversible growth of a dry spot on the boiling surface. Three competing forces govern the two-phase interface dynamics, namely vapor momentum, surface tension, and hydrostatic forces. Dryout is triggered when the vapor momentum force due to vaporization at the two-phase interface balances the combined surface tension and hydrostatic forces leading to irreversible growth of the dry spot. The present work offers a predictive confined CHF model that accounts for confined boiling surface shape, size, orientation, confinement gap spacing, and working fluid properties, with a single fluid-specific fitting coefficient that represents the ratio of vapor area to the confinement opening area near CHF conditions. Notably, the developed CHF model is also effective in predicting the threshold gap below which confinement reduces pool boiling CHF. The model is compared to 197 experimentally measured confined CHF data points available from 10 studies in the literature that represent 7 different working fluids and a range of boiling surface inclinations and shapes. The model predicts the confinement-reduced CHF values with a </span>root mean square error of 21%, which is less than half of the error compared to all other available predictive models. This clarification of the triggering mechanism and improved prediction accuracy of CHF, as offered by the current study, will enable broader practical system implementation of compact two-phase cooling technologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104542"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2555021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of a supersonic close-coupled atomizer employing the phase Doppler measurement technique","authors":"Niklas Apell,&nbsp;Cameron Tropea,&nbsp;Ilia V. Roisman,&nbsp;Jeanette Hussong","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104544","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Along with the growing economic importance of metal additive manufacturing by means of laser </span>powder bed fusion<span>, the demand for high-quality metal powders as the corresponding raw material is also increasing. However, the physics involved in supersonic close-coupled gas atomization, which is often employed for the production of these powders, are not well understood and extensive experimental data is scarce, leading to a lack of reliable predictive modeling capabilities.</span></p><p>In this experimental study, local particle size and velocity distributions for the spray produced by a generic supersonic close-coupled atomizer are obtained using the phase Doppler measurement technique. The gas stagnation pressure<span> and the liquid mass flow rate<span> are varied systematically and independently. Three working liquids are considered, investigating the influence of the liquid dynamic viscosity on the atomization result.</span></span></p><p>The particle size is shown to be sensitive to changes in both the gas stagnation pressure and the liquid mass flow rate. Notably, it is not an unambiguous function of the gas-to-liquid ratio. Furthermore, the effect of the liquid dynamic viscosity appears to be negligible. In conclusion, these are important insights for formulating physics-based models for the supersonic close-coupled atomization process.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":339,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Multiphase Flow","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 104544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1890070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}