IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology最新文献

{"title":"Quantifying the Suitability of Biosignals Acquired During Surgery for Multimodal Analysis","authors":"Ennio Idrobo-Ávila;Gergő Bognár;Dagmar Krefting;Thomas Penzel;Péter Kovács;Nicolai Spicher","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3379733","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3379733","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal:</i>\u0000 Recently, large datasets of biosignals acquired during surgery became available. As they offer multiple physiological signals measured in parallel, multimodal analysis – which involves their joint analysis – can be conducted and could provide deeper insights than unimodal analysis based on a single signal. However, it is unclear what percentage of intraoperatively acquired data is suitable for multimodal analysis. Due to the large amount of data, manual inspection and labelling into suitable and unsuitable segments are not feasible. Nevertheless, multimodal analysis is performed successfully in sleep studies since many years as their signals have proven suitable. Hence, this study evaluates the suitability to perform multimodal analysis on a surgery dataset (VitalDB) using a multi-center sleep dataset (SIESTA) as reference. \u0000<italic>Methods:</i>\u0000 We applied widely known algorithms entitled “signal quality indicators” to the common biosignals in both datasets, namely electrocardiography, electroencephalography, and respiratory signals split in segments of 10 s duration. As there are no multimodal methods available, we used only unimodal signal quality indicators. In case, all three signals were determined as being adequate by the indicators, we assumed that the whole signal segment was suitable for multimodal analysis. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 82% of SIESTA and 72% of VitalDB are suitable for multimodal analysis. Unsuitable signal segments exhibit constant or physiologically unreasonable values. Histogram examination indicated similar signal quality distributions between the datasets, albeit with potential statistical biases due to different measurement setups. \u0000<italic>Conclusions:</i>\u0000 The majority of data within VitalDB is suitable for multimodal analysis.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"250-260"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10476670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unrolled Optimization via Physics-Assisted Convolutional Neural Network for MR-Based Electrical Properties Tomography: A Numerical Investigation","authors":"Sabrina Zumbo;Stefano Mandija;Ettore F. Meliadò;Peter Stijnman;Thierry G. Meerbothe;Cornelis A.T. van den Berg;Tommaso Isernia;Martina T. Bevacqua","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402998","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402998","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic Resonance imaging based Electrical Properties Tomography (MR-EPT) is a non-invasive technique that measures the electrical properties (EPs) of biological tissues. In this work, we present and numerically investigate the performance of an unrolled, physics-assisted method for 2D MR-EPT reconstructions, where a cascade of Convolutional Neural Networks is used to compute the contrast update. Each network takes in input the EPs and the gradient descent direction (encoding the physics underlying the adopted scattering model) and returns as output the updated contrast function. The network is trained and tested in silico using 2D slices of realistic brain models at 128 MHz. Results show the capability of the proposed procedure to reconstruct EPs maps with quality comparable to that of the popular Contrast Source Inversion-EPT, while significantly reducing the computational time.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"505-513"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10534835","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141150877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lymphocyte-Infiltrated Periportal Region Detection With Structurally-Refined Deep Portal Segmentation and Heterogeneous Infiltration Features","authors":"Hung-Wen Tsai;Chien-Yu Chiou;Wei-Jong Yang;Tsan-An Hsieh;Cheng-Yi Chen;Che-Wei Hsu;Yih-Jyh Lin;Min-En Hsieh;Matthew M. Yeh;Chin-Chun Chen;Meng-Ru Shen;Pau-Choo Chung","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3379479","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3379479","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal</i>\u0000: The early diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis is essential to reduce hepatitis-related liver function deterioration and mortality. One component of the widely-used Ishak grading system for the grading of periportal interface hepatitis is based on the percentage of portal borders infiltrated by lymphocytes. Thus, the accurate detection of lymphocyte-infiltrated periportal regions is critical in the diagnosis of hepatitis. However, the infiltrating lymphocytes usually result in the formation of ambiguous and highly-irregular portal boundaries, and thus identifying the infiltrated portal boundary regions precisely using automated methods is challenging. This study aims to develop a deep-learning-based automatic detection framework to assist diagnosis. \u0000<italic>Methods</i>\u0000: The present study proposes a framework consisting of a Structurally-REfined Deep Portal Segmentation module and an Infiltrated Periportal Region Detection module based on heterogeneous infiltration features to accurately identify the infiltrated periportal regions in liver Whole Slide Images. \u0000<italic>Results</i>\u0000: The proposed method achieves 0.725 in F1-score of lymphocyte-infiltrated periportal region detection. Moreover, the statistics of the ratio of the detected infiltrated portal boundary have high correlation to the Ishak grade (Spearman's correlations more than 0.87 with p-values less than 0.001) and medium correlation to the liver function index aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (Spearman's correlations more than 0.63 and 0.57 with p-values less than 0.001). \u0000<italic>Conclusions</i>\u0000: The study shows the statistics of the ratio of infiltrated portal boundary have correlation to the Ishak grade and liver function index. The proposed framework provides pathologists with a useful and reliable tool for hepatitis diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"261-270"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10476647","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bayesian Inference of Hidden Cognitive Performance and Arousal States in Presence of Music","authors":"Saman Khazaei;Md Rafiul Amin;Maryam Tahir;Rose T. Faghih","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3377923","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3377923","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal:</i>\u0000 Poor arousal management may lead to reduced cognitive performance. Specifying a model and decoder to infer the cognitive arousal and performance contributes to arousal regulation via non-invasive actuators such as music. \u0000<italic>Methods:</i>\u0000 We employ a Bayesian filtering approach within an expectation-maximization framework to track the hidden states during the \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$n$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-back task in the presence of calming and exciting music. We decode the arousal and performance states from the skin conductance and behavioral signals, respectively. We derive an arousal-performance model based on the Yerkes—Dodson law. We design a performance-based arousal decoder by considering the corresponding performance and skin conductance as the observation. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 The quantified arousal and performance are presented. The existence of Yerkes—Dodson law can be interpreted from the arousal-performance relationship. Findings display higher matrices of performance within the exciting music. \u0000<italic>Conclusions:</i>\u0000 The performance-based arousal decoder has a better agreement with the Yerkes—Dodson law. Our study can be implemented in designing non-invasive closed-loop systems.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"627-636"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10474164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140169852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective and Automated Quantification of Instrument Handling for Open Surgical Suturing Skill Assessment: A Simulation-Based Study","authors":"Simar P. Singh;Amir Mehdi Shayan;Jianxin Gao;Joseph Bible;Richard E. Groff;Ravikiran Singapogu","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402393","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402393","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal:</i>\u0000 Vascular surgical procedures are challenging and require proficient suturing skills. To develop these skills, medical training simulators with objective feedback for formative assessment are gaining popularity. As hardware advancements offer more complex, unique sensors, determining effective task performance measures becomes imperative for efficient suturing training. \u0000<italic>Methods:</i>\u0000 97 subjects of varying clinical expertise completed four trials on a suturing skills measurement and feedback platform (SutureCoach). Instrument handling metrics were calculated from electromagnetic motion trackers affixed to the needle driver. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 The results of the study showed that all metrics significantly differentiated between novices (no medical experience) from both experts (attending surgeons/fellows) and intermediates (residents). Rotational motion metrics were more consistent in differentiating experts and intermediates over traditionally used tooltip motion metrics. \u0000<italic>Conclusions:</i>\u0000 Our work emphasizes the importance of tool motion metrics for open suturing skills assessment and establishes groundwork to explore rotational motion for quantifying a critical facet of surgical performance.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"485-493"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10533671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DISPEL: A Python Framework for Developing Measures From Digital Health Technologies","authors":"A. Scotland;G. Cosne;A. Juraver;A. Karatsidis;J. Penalver-Andres;E. Bartholomé;C. M. Kanzler;C. Mazzà;D. Roggen;C. Hinchliffe;S. Del Din;S. Belachew","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402531","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402531","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal</i>\u0000: This paper introduces DISPEL, a Python framework to facilitate development of sensor-derived measures (SDMs) from data collected with digital health technologies in the context of therapeutic development for neurodegenerative diseases. \u0000<italic>Methods</i>\u0000: Modularity, integrability and flexibility were achieved adopting an object-oriented architecture for data modelling and SDM extraction, which also allowed standardizing SDM generation, naming, storage, and documentation. Additionally, a functionality was designed to implement systematic flagging of missing data and unexpected user behaviors, both frequent in unsupervised monitoring. \u0000<italic>Results</i>\u0000: DISPEL is available under MIT license. It already supports formats from different data providers and allows traceable end-to-end processing from raw data collected with wearables and smartphones to structured SDM datasets. Novel and literature-based signal processing approaches currently allow to extract SDMs from 16 structured tests (including six questionnaires), assessing overall disability and quality of life, and measuring performance outcomes of cognition, manual dexterity, and mobility. \u0000<italic>Conclusion</i>\u0000: DISPEL supports SDM development for clinical trials by providing a production-grade Python framework and a large set of already implemented SDMs. While the framework has already been refined based on clinical trials’ data, ad-hoc validation of the provided algorithms in their specific context of use is recommended to the users.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"494-497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10533679","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Strategy for the In-Silico Assessment of Drug Eluting Stents: A Comparative Study for the Evaluation of Retinoic Acid as a Novel Drug Candidate for Drug Eluting Stents","authors":"Dimitrios S. Pleouras;Vasileios S. Loukas;Georgia Karanasiou;Christos Katsouras;Arsen Semertzioglou;Anargyros N. Moulas;Lambros K. Michalis;Dimitrios I. Fotiadis","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402057","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402057","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a methodology for the in-silico evaluation of drug eluting stents (DES) is presented. A stent model developed by Rontis S.A. has been employed. For modeling purposes two different stent parts have been considered: the metal core and the coating. For the arterial models, we used animal specific imaging data and realistic geometries were reconstructed which were used as input to the drug-delivery model. More specifically, optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging data from two coney iliac arterial segments were 3D reconstructed, and the preprocessed 3D stent was deployed in-silico. The deformed geometries of the in-silico deployed stents and the dilated arterial segments were used as input to the drug elution model. The same reconstructed arteries were used in three different cases: (i) Case A. The coatings contain retinoic acid at an initial concentration 49.2% w/w. (ii) Case B. The coatings contain retinoic acid at an initial concentration 1% w/w. (iii) Case C. The coatings contain sirolimus at an initial concentration 0.85% w/w. In each case, two different coatings were examined: (a) polylactic acid and (b) polylactic-co-glycolic acid. The results proved that retinoic acid is a very promising drug candidate for DES due to its binding time to the smooth muscle cells of the arterial wall that exceeds the corresponding time of sirolimus, while being non-toxic to the smooth muscle cells.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"6 ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10531649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attention Feature Fusion Network via Knowledge Propagation for Automated Respiratory Sound Classification","authors":"Ida A. P. A. Crisdayanti;Sung Woo Nam;Seong Kwan Jung;Seong-Eun Kim","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402139","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3402139","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal:</i>\u0000 In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the early diagnosis of respiratory diseases has become increasingly crucial. Traditional diagnostic methods such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while accurate, often face accessibility challenges. Lung auscultation, a simpler alternative, is subjective and highly dependent on the clinician's expertise. The pandemic has further exacerbated these challenges by restricting face-to-face consultations. This study aims to overcome these limitations by developing an automated respiratory sound classification system using deep learning, facilitating remote and accurate diagnoses. \u0000<italic>Methods:</i>\u0000 We developed a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model that utilizes spectrographic representations of respiratory sounds within an image classification framework. Our model is enhanced with attention feature fusion of low-to-high-level information based on a knowledge propagation mechanism to increase classification effectiveness. This novel approach was evaluated using the ICBHI benchmark dataset and a larger, self-collected Pediatric dataset comprising outpatient children aged 1 to 6 years. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 The proposed CNN model with knowledge propagation demonstrated superior performance compared to existing state-of-the-art models. Specifically, our model showed higher sensitivity in detecting abnormalities in the Pediatric dataset, indicating its potential for improving the accuracy of respiratory disease diagnosis. \u0000<italic>Conclusions:</i>\u0000 The integration of a knowledge propagation mechanism into a CNN model marks a significant advancement in the field of automated diagnosis of respiratory disease. This study paves the way for more accessible and precise healthcare solutions, which is especially crucial in pandemic scenarios.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"383-392"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10531227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Recent Advancements of Biomedical Radar for Clinical Applications","authors":"Shuqin Dong;Li Wen;Yangtao Ye;Zhi Zhang;Yi Wang;Zhiwei Liu;Qing Cao;Yuchen Xu;Changzhi Li;Changzhan Gu","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3401105","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3401105","url":null,"abstract":"The field of biomedical radar has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, paving the way for innovative and transformative applications in clinical settings. Most medical instruments invented to measure human activities rely on contact electrodes, causing discomfort. Thanks to its non-invasive nature, biomedical radar is particularly valuable for clinical applications. A significant portion of the review discusses improvements in radar hardware, with a focus on miniaturization, increased resolution, and enhanced sensitivity. Then, this paper also delves into the signal processing and machine learning techniques tailored for radar data. This review will explore the recent breakthroughs and applications of biomedical radar technology, shedding light on its transformative potential in shaping the future of clinical diagnostics, patient and elderly care, and healthcare innovation.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"707-724"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10531059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NeoSSNet: Real-Time Neonatal Chest Sound Separation Using Deep Learning","authors":"Yang Yi Poh;Ethan Grooby;Kenneth Tan;Lindsay Zhou;Arrabella King;Ashwin Ramanathan;Atul Malhotra;Mehrtash Harandi;Faezeh Marzbanrad","doi":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3401571","DOIUrl":"10.1109/OJEMB.2024.3401571","url":null,"abstract":"<italic>Goal:</i>\u0000 Auscultation for neonates is a simple and non-invasive method of diagnosing cardiovascular and respiratory disease. However, obtaining high-quality chest sounds containing only heart or lung sounds is non-trivial. Hence, this study introduces a new deep-learning model named NeoSSNet and evaluates its performance in neonatal chest sound separation with previous methods. \u0000<italic>Methods:</i>\u0000 We propose a masked-based architecture similar to Conv-TasNet. The encoder and decoder consist of 1D convolution and 1D transposed convolution, while the mask generator consists of a convolution and transformer architecture. The input chest sounds were first encoded as a sequence of tokens using 1D convolution. The tokens were then passed to the mask generator to generate two masks, one for heart sounds and one for lung sounds. Each mask is then applied to the input token sequence. Lastly, the tokens are converted back to waveforms using 1D transposed convolution. \u0000<italic>Results:</i>\u0000 Our proposed model showed superior results compared to the previous methods based on objective distortion measures, ranging from a 2.01 dB improvement to a 5.06 dB improvement. The proposed model is also significantly faster than the previous methods, with at least a 17-time improvement. \u0000<italic>Conclusions:</i>\u0000 The proposed model could be a suitable preprocessing step for any health monitoring system where only the heart sound or lung sound is desired.","PeriodicalId":33825,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology","volume":"5 ","pages":"345-352"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10531026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}