{"title":"Triazines – A comprehensive review of their synthesis and diverse biological importance","authors":"Rajeev Kumar, N. Kumar, R. Roy, Anita Singh","doi":"10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.112017173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.112017173","url":null,"abstract":"Triazine is a heterocyclic aromatic ring structure, with three isomers distinguished by positions of their nitrogen atoms. 1,2,3-triazine derivatives like tubercidin, toyocamycin, sangivamycin, 2-azaadenosine and 2-aza-2-desamino-5,8-dideazafolic acid are the important active moieties in pharmaceutical field while 6-azacytosine, 6-azauracil, azaribine, tirapazamine, dihydromethyl furalazine, vardenafil, apazone, lamotrigine, ceftriaxone, pymetrozine, fervenulin (planomycin), reumycin and toxoflavin (panthothricin) are 1,2,4-triazine moieties used in clinical practices. The triazine ring structure is also found in naturally occurring antibiotics like fervenulin, reumycin and toxoflavin. 1,3,5-Triazine isomer or s-triazine is an oldest known organic compound, broadly used as a lead structure in ammeline, aceto-guanide, acetoguanamine, cyanuric acid and melamine. Some s-triazine containing drugs are hexamethylmelamine (altretamine), 2-amino-4-morpholino-s-triazine, hydroxymethyl-pentamethyl melamine, triethylenemelamine (tretamine), dioxadet, irsogladine, cycloguanil, almitrine, S9788 and DW1865. Triazines have a high significance in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry with wide-spectrum of pharmacological activities so useful for design and formation of novel drugs. Some triazine analogues are recently screened in clinical trials which may lead to potent type drugs with no side effects as presently available pharmacological agents. This review outlines the biological importance and synthesis of various types of triazine derivatives from various heterocyclic and drugs containing triazine moiety.","PeriodicalId":335276,"journal":{"name":"CURRENT MEDICAL AND DRUG RESEARCH","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134415515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanoemulsion - An ideal drug delivery for nose-to-brain targeting","authors":"R. Semwal","doi":"10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.112017175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.112017175","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoemulsions are well-liked drug delivery system in the pharmaceutical world. These are clear, thermodynamically stable and isotropic liquid-in-liquid dispersion with an average size range of 20 to 200 nm. They are having elevated surface area, strong stability, optically clear appearance, acceptable rheology and good drug loading capacity because of their characteristic droplet size. The methods used for the preparation of nanoemulsions include bubble bursting method, micro-fluidization, phase inversion temperature, emulsion inversion point, ultrasonication and spontaneous emulsification high-pressure homogenization etc. In the present paper, the advantages, methods of preparation and applications of nanoemulsions are critically reviewed.","PeriodicalId":335276,"journal":{"name":"CURRENT MEDICAL AND DRUG RESEARCH","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121641882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of nanosized aripiprazole-loaded bionanogels using novel bio-retardant from bark of Cinnamomum verum J.Presl","authors":"N. Madhav, Y. Tyagi","doi":"10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.112017172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.112017172","url":null,"abstract":"The current research work aimed to formulate and evaluate the aripiprazole bionanogel using Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Syn. C. zeylanicum (Lauraceae) as bio-retardant and bio-stabilizer for transcranial delivery. Aripiprazole, a partial dopamine agonist is an antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and irritability associated with autism. The biopolymer from C. verum was isolated by addition of an optimised quantity of acetone and used as bio-retardant and bio-stabilizer to prepare aripiprazole-loaded bionanogels. The initially aripiprazole nanoparticles were prepared by addition of dextrose and dextran as a nanosized agent and various proportion of bio-polymer C. verum as bio-retardant (0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1%) and guargum (1.5% and 2%) followed by optimised cycles of sonication. The nanoparticles were incorporated uniformly into the gel under magnetic stirrer mode which was prepared by sodium alginate (100 mg), PVA (100 mg) and HPMC (100 mg) and prepared bionanogel was found as the best formulation based on comparison of mentioned parameters i.e. pH, texture, spreadability, % entrapment efficacy, preliminary determination of nano size distribution and in-vitro drug release study. FC3 (1:0.8) containing a retardant showed uniform spreadability, smooth texture and T50% of 51 h and T80% of 72 h, respectively. These formulations can be used for transcranial drug delivery to target the molecule to the brain through the layers of skin, meninges, trigeminal nerves, emissary veins, cranial bones and sutures.","PeriodicalId":335276,"journal":{"name":"CURRENT MEDICAL AND DRUG RESEARCH","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127602798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Formulation and evaluation of venlafaxine-loaded bio-flexi film for brain specificity via oro-trans soft palatal route","authors":"N. Madhav, Pranay Kumar, Bhavana Singh","doi":"10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.112017174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53517/cmdr.2581-5008.112017174","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present study was to formulate and evaluate venlafaxine loaded bio-flexi film for effective treatment of depression. For the preparation of bio-flexi film biomaterial was isolated from fruits of Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae) by an economic method. The biomaterial recovered from the concentrate was subjected for various physicochemical properties like color, solubility, color changing point and chemical test. Bio-flexi films were prepared by modified solvent evaporation method in different batches with variable drug/biomaterial ratio. Prepared batches were subjected for various evaluation studies like thickness, folding endurance, in vitro and in vivo drug release. Bio-flexi films were capable of releasing the drug in a slow sustained manner. From the present investigation, it may be concluded that biomaterial isolated from fruits of L. acutangula used in the preparation of bio-flexi film exhibit promising inbuilt mucoadhesivity for delivering venlafaxine at a controlled rate. So it can serve as a powerful natural mucoadhesant. It may significantly improve the ability to cross blood-brain barrier and serve as an effective tool to treat Depression disease.","PeriodicalId":335276,"journal":{"name":"CURRENT MEDICAL AND DRUG RESEARCH","volume":"429 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113998527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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