{"title":"Providing Support That Helps Change Endure","authors":"R. Butler, Eileen D. Badie, D. Roberson","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0717","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 One of the many challenges faced by the Department Standards Committee (DSC) is the support of change. The DSC’s charter is to define departmental criteria for establishing a standards-based management program and to assist in institutionalizing that program in the Department of Energy. Extensive use of the DSC Web Site, which resides on the Internet and is accessible at http://www.dsc.doe.gov/, allows communication of vital information necessary for facilitating and supporting change among many diverse audiences. Through this medium, real-time communication and document transfer can occur. Utilization of Web Site forums allows the interactive conversations necessary for document development, assessment, and concurrence. Interactive assistance by the Web Site Support Team provides on-line help for hesitant users and simplifies document usage and downloading. The DSC Web Site Support Team provides a web site that is simple and effective for users to share ideas and information. By so doing, information on the site is not only available twenty-four hours a day, but organization actions are more easily generated and preserved.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129165029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Building a Marketplace for Cross-Departmental Change","authors":"M. Sturdivant, Frank J. Arsenault","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0713","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the current decade opened, the Department faced the need to establish a standards basis for all of its work and the lack of a commonly accepted, standards-based management approach. The one-size-fits-all standards applied to production facilities had proven to be inappropriate for application to the diverse, complex, and sometimes undefined work of the Department’s revised mission. The Department Standards Committee was established as a high level, open marketplace for ideas — a Department-wide forum for discussion and decision. For its technical work, the Committee draws upon teams of voluntary participants from across the complex to provide a broad spectrum of experience and perspective in addressing issues such as cooperative engagement in the identification of Work Smart Standards, stakeholder involvement, and the attributes of effective documentation and implementation. The current expanding application of Work Smart Standards represents the practical results of this innovative effort.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131475142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Nuisance Fire Problem With Acetylene B Cylinders","authors":"Andrew H. Tudor, K. Mniszewski","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0705","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 On November 19, 1992, a three-story, twenty-two unit condominium project in the Los Angeles area was consumed by fire. The structure, in the framing stages of construction, burnt to the ground. Several adjoining structures sustained varying degrees of fire damage. The fire was caused by a golf ball-sized fire emanating from the threaded connection in a plumber’s air/acetylene piping system, caused by a leak at the threaded connection between the acetylene B tank and the regulator. Unfortunately, a small nuisance fire in this area can quickly become a dangerous and unmanageable fire upon operation of the (safety) fusible plug, which is proximate to this connection.\u0000 Results of literature searches and reviews of appropriate industry standards indicate that this valve site is prone to these “nuisance” fires. Analysis of other sizes of acetylene tanks indicate a design philosophy significantly different from that used for the subject B tank. These design differences have profound safety implications. Results of analysis and testing of conventional acetylene B tanks have demonstrated inherent defects and have identified existing designs that eliminate these defects. A complete analysis addressing human factors, standards, mechanical, and thermal design issues is presented. Testing further supported and validated the analytical models where necessary.\u0000 The ultimate objective is to design an acetylene tank which can sustain human error, allow for a means to eliminate or control the nuisance fire and can demonstrate superior fire performance. An alternative design was identified that achieves this. Changes to DOT and CGA standards regarding such tanks are recommended.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"232 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132936490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Factors Engineering in Risk-Based Inspections","authors":"Joseph P. Balkey","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0712","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 ASME’s Center for Research and Technology Development has published a number of risk-based inspection “guideline” books all with a standard format. Now they are publishing a risk-based inspections “Handbook” for fossil fuel plants that also follows this standard format. However, because portions of the “Handbook” refer to human error, not only has a Human Factors Engineering “Appendix” been added to expand the subject but the “Appendix” has been designed to follow the standard format in all the other risk-based inspection books. This at first seemed to be unusual because the “Handbook” assesses structural failures and the “Appendix” assesses human failures. However, for the parts in the “Handbook” that directly refer to human error, the parts in the “Appendix” closely match the format in the “Handbook”. For the parts in the “Handbook” that do not refer to human error, new purposes were created for those parts in the “Appendix”.\u0000 This paper compares the commonalties and differences between the two formats and lists expected findings where the parts match as well as unexpected findings where the parts in the “Appendix” discuss new applications. In these findings, this paper shows that the risk-based inspection procedure in fossil fuel plants require the human error procedure and the results from the human error procedure feed back into the Risk-based inspection procedure.\u0000 This paper’s introduction describes the ASME’s overall risk-based inspection program and how the “Handbook” and “Appendix” fit. Next, in the procedure section, the risk-based inspection procedure for fossil fuel plants is described with highlights of where a human error procedure is required and then the human error procedure is described. In the comparison section, the commonalties and differences between the two procedures are described and expected and unexpected findings are discussed. Finally, the paper concludes that both risk-based inspection and human error procedures need to have better plant-specific data and that the number of opportunities are growing for new applications.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131176904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Kumar, S. Abu-Zaid, J. Overstreet, Jerry E. McCleery, K. J. Harris
{"title":"Fire Emergency Ventilation Analysis of a Transit Station Using Computational Fluid Dynamics","authors":"K. Kumar, S. Abu-Zaid, J. Overstreet, Jerry E. McCleery, K. J. Harris","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0706","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used in this study to evaluate evacuation and possible egress routes during a fire emergency in the proposed San Bruno station of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system. Three modes of ventilation, namely natural (no fans), push-pull (fans operating in supply-exhaust mode), and exhaust-exhaust (fans operating in exhaust-exhaust mode) are investigated. The methodology adopted for fire and smoke modeling is explained. The modeled geometry of the station includes its various geometrical features such as mezzanine floor, staircases, and exits. Steady-state simulation results for temperature distribution and velocity field for the three ventilation modes are presented and discussed for various sections of the station.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131661527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychophysical Validation of Photographic Representations","authors":"T. Ayres","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0703","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In order to represent how a scene would appear to a typical observer, a photographic print can be calibrated based on careful observation. A psychophysical validation procedure is described, involving the use of visual stimulus charts. The scientific rationale and basis for this procedure is reviewed, and additional applications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130307486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Basis for Determining Fill Times for Dry Fire Lines in Highway Tunnels","authors":"K. J. Harris","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0704","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper provides a theoretical basis for the fill time of a single long pipeline utilizing the Euler equations for fluid flow and developing the differential unsteady flow equations. These equations are then integrated numerically to provide the theoretical fill time for a particular series of conditions.\u0000 Theoretical models can only be analyzed for relatively simple systems. Pipeline systems in tunnels are subject to complex geometries including horizontal and vertical curves, varying size lines, multiple feed points, pumps, and multiple flow paths. Many commercial software packages are available to assist in the steady state analysis, i.e. operating conditions, of pipeline networks under these conditions. These same tools can be adapted for unsteady flow conditions, such as line filling, by dividing the one system into a series of systems. A comparison of the fill time estimates using this method shows reasonable correlation to that using an unsteady flow analysis.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121224384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Grate Debate","authors":"D. Brickman, R. Barnett","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0711","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The grate debate focuses on two important aspects of grating design, flow function and barrier guarding. In general, it is impossible when utilizing grating to simultaneously achieve the required function and adequate human protection. This paper outlines the leading philosophical positions and technical theories of barrier guarding that are required to resolve this risk-utility dilemma.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133403204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Process to Quantify and Optimize the Effectiveness of Maintenance on Unavailability and Risk","authors":"W. Vesely","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0702","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A process is described for utilizing available maintenance and failure data collected at nuclear power plants to quantify the effectiveness of maintenance on equipment reliability and availability. The methodology which is applied was developed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to help support the NRC’s Maintenance Rule. The process was applied and demonstrated using plant maintenance data for various equipment, such as diesels, motor operated valves and check valves. The applications show how maintenance can be optimized to maximize equipment reliability and availability while at the same time reducing required resources.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124564225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"National Training Program Efforts for Work Smart Standards","authors":"W. E. Carnes, Kathleen S. Peppers","doi":"10.1115/imece1996-0716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-0716","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Department of Energy recognized the need to establish a standards based, instead of expert based, way of performing its work. The Department Standards Committee was established as the high level, umbrella for developing the criteria and assisting in establishing this fundamental change throughout the Department. This paper describes the process and outcomes that Standards Process Action Team 8 (Training) applied to develop a needs analysis and method for effectively explaining the change of practices and processes within the Department. That process is based on the five step Instructional Systems Design model.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124263253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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