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The Machine Operator’s Jammed-Feedstock-Clearing Task: A Safety Design Challenge 机器操作员的堵塞进料清理任务:一个安全设计挑战
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24004
J. Etherton, E. A. McKenzie
{"title":"The Machine Operator’s Jammed-Feedstock-Clearing Task: A Safety Design Challenge","authors":"J. Etherton, E. A. McKenzie","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Workers are often exposed to injury risk from sudden and unexpected machine movement when clearing jammed material from process machinery. An engineered safety response can effectively intervene to control or eliminate this risk. Backstrom and Doos (1998) found that about 25% of injuries involving automated machinery were preceded by a disturbance in process material flow such as a piece of material becoming stuck, crooked or getting in an otherwise faulty position. In the US, lockout is required when an employee is required to place any part of his or her body into an area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is actually performed upon the material being processed (point of operation) or where an associated danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle. Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other minor servicing activities, which take place during normal production operations, are not covered by the OSHA lockout standard if they are routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment for production, provided that the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection [emphasis added] (OSHA, 1989). Machine control systems that can automatically detect and respond to hazardous operating conditions could be a way to reduce machine-related injury and fatality rates. Accurate laboratory testing criteria, based on key patterns manifested by the machine during hazardous events are vital to developing such new safety technology. This paper discusses safety design challenges in designing reliable safeguarding associated with machinery.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114676223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Friction-Related Aspects of Human Pushing 人类推动的摩擦相关方面
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24012
C. Pattin, R. Barnett
{"title":"Friction-Related Aspects of Human Pushing","authors":"C. Pattin, R. Barnett","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Human pushing capability affects performance in the areas of crowd and animal control, the security of locked doors and railings, the removal of tree stumps and entrenched vehicles, the maneuvering of furniture, and in athletic pursuits such as football or wrestling. Pushing capability is a function of both individual characteristics (e.g., muscular strength, body weight, and the distribution of that weight) and attributes of the pushing task itself (e.g., footwear/floor and torso/object friction). Mathematical relationships among these factors are developed. Using these relationships, the maximum push that can be generated without slip were calculated for the following two conditions: (1) LEAN only, with the torso about to slip down the pushed object and feet about to slip along the floor and (2) PUSH along the body contact line with the torso about to slip up the pushed object and the feet about to slip along the floor.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124725015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Impact of Safety Mitigation to Reliability of Co-Generation Units 安全缓解对热电联产机组可靠性的影响
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24010
Joseph P. Balkey
{"title":"The Impact of Safety Mitigation to Reliability of Co-Generation Units","authors":"Joseph P. Balkey","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Companies may be considering improving their power reliability by installing one or more new co-generating unit(s) in addition to buying power. However, they may be unaware that the safety devices that protect the unit(s) may also inadvertently shutdown the unit(s). This paper first describes how a co-generation unit operates and some of its safety features. One of the safety features is to shutdown the unit when a temperature is inadvertently high. However, the number of instruments used to measure a temperature greatly impacts both safety and reliability. This paper graphically shows the simultaneous impact of four types of voting to both safety and reliability and discusses the purpose of each one. Knowing the purpose of each type of voting can lead to selecting a co-generation unit that matches a users needs. This paper also shows how the values in the graph are calculated.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130444375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Robust Designs, Utilizing Six-Sigma Quality Processes, Linked to a USMC Weapon System 稳健设计，利用六西格玛质量过程，链接到美国海军陆战队武器系统
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24008
N. Strifas, Bob Kalamajka, M. Ruzzene
{"title":"Robust Designs, Utilizing Six-Sigma Quality Processes, Linked to a USMC Weapon System","authors":"N. Strifas, Bob Kalamajka, M. Ruzzene","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study describes the approach to integrate Six-sigma and Robust Design approaches on a US Marine Corps (USMC) program. Six Sigma and Robust Design techniques are tightly coupled to ensure that a design is both manufacturable and also serves the needs of the US Marines. Six Sigma is an aggressive (stretch) goal that sets a high standard of excellence for the development of a world class quality product (Short Range Anti-tank Weapon - SRAW) for the US Marines. This study also describes how the design team is linking Six Sigma and Robust Design, to ensure that a very complex product, with many steps and processes involved in its manufacture, can be recognized as a superior one.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134542613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the Safety of Infeeding Vertical Garden Shredders 立式园林碎纸机进料安全性研究
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24000
D. Brickman, R. Barnett
{"title":"On the Safety of Infeeding Vertical Garden Shredders","authors":"D. Brickman, R. Barnett","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24000","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper addresses consumer garden shredders of the hammermill type with vertical hoppers that are manually fed. The purpose of this paper is to show that garden materials presented to a vertical garden shredder through the inlet hopper will not pull an erectly standing operator’s hand into the flails. In order for an erectly standing operator to contact the flails, it is necessary for the shoulder to move downward. Experiments demonstrate that the operator’s shoulder moves insignificantly downward during pull-in excursions using various garden materials that are attached to the operator’s hand through snagging mechanisms, hand friction, and entanglement.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133969766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ladder Rung vs. Siderail Hand Grip Strategies 梯子梯级vs.扶手握握策略
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24001
R. Barnett, Peter J. Poczynok
{"title":"Ladder Rung vs. Siderail Hand Grip Strategies","authors":"R. Barnett, Peter J. Poczynok","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When climbers lose their foothold on fixed, straight or extension ladders, the incipient fall may be arrested by gripping either the ladder rungs or siderails. Grasping the rungs provides an interference or power grip; squeezing the siderails provides a friction grip which is the primary focus of this paper. The falling scenario begins with free fall that lasts for the duration of the simple reaction time. Free fall is then decelerated by contravening friction forces derived from hand grip forces rapidly applied to the siderails. Using hand grip/time histories for various individuals, their fall distances were calculated for bare and gloved hands on a vertical steel fixed ladder. Sometimes the candidates could not arrest their falls; often their fall distance was too great to prevent ground impact. Under some circumstances, the vertical motion was brought under timely control. Although a rich literature is available for characterizing grip strength, data reflecting grip/time profiles does not appear. Grip strength/time diagrams were measured for fourteen test subjects.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121138421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Outline of the E&TM Group Symposium “Partnering to Succeed: Keys to Managing Technology Development, Risk and Globalization” E&TM集团研讨会“合作成功:管理科技发展、风险及全球化的关键”简介
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24016
Hiroshi Honda
{"title":"Outline of the E&TM Group Symposium “Partnering to Succeed: Keys to Managing Technology Development, Risk and Globalization”","authors":"Hiroshi Honda","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The current paper introduces an outline of the subject symposium with “twenty-six sessions,” shown in Table 1, for ASME 2001 IMECE.(1)","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121252666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Case Study: The Safety of Wood Railings 案例研究:木栏杆的安全性
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24009
R. Barnett, W. Switalski
{"title":"Case Study: The Safety of Wood Railings","authors":"R. Barnett, W. Switalski","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When the handrail assembly broke away from a wooden deck attached to the rear of a private residence, the victim fell 12 feet to the lawn and sustained injuries rendering him a quadriplegic. Although the local building code required the handrail to withstand a 200 lb load applied in any direction at any point on the handrail, no guidance was given to the do-it-yourselfer who built the deck and railings to assure him that the final construction would produce an acceptable railing. The authors conducted testing and a statistical analysis of railing strength comparing the construction method used by the builder of the accident railing to another construction method utilizing a commercially available handrail bracket. The test program demonstrates that the strength of the wood used to build handrails can vary greatly and that a controlled method of building a handrail is necessary to ensure the integrity of a product intended to be consumer customized and assembled. It is necessary to have acceptable methods of railing construction because the failure of a railing joint can be life threatening. This is especially true in the consumer/do-it-yourself market where the designer/builder is not necessarily knowledgeable about building codes or construction methods. A commercially available handrail bracket known as Create-A-Rail® can provide the consumer with the guidance necessary to assure an acceptable handrail / post joint.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126533482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Explosion of a Fireworks Storage Facility and its Causes 某烟花储存设施爆炸事故及原因分析
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24014
B. Ale
{"title":"The Explosion of a Fireworks Storage Facility and its Causes","authors":"B. Ale","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 On 13 may 2000 an explosion occurred in a fireworks storage and trading facility in Enschede, the Netherlands. Twenty-two people were killed and some 900 injured. The material damage was approximately 400 MEuro.\u0000 Immediately after the accident an investigation was started into the causes of the accident. Special attention was given to the unexpected violence of the explosion. The investigative committee installed by the Government used results and advice of domestic and international institutes to obtain results.\u0000 It appeared that the firm had a long history of violating permits, that the city had legalised these violations and that inspectorates and state institutions were not aware of the hazards thus created. Especially the importance of the correct classification of the fireworks and of the storage of the correct types and quantities went unnoticed. As a result prior to May 13 2000 most of the fireworks stored at the premises were more powerful than the labels indicated and in fact a significant part of the storage was mass-explosive contrary to the current permit.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122032301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
International Safety Alert Symbol 国际安全警报标志
Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis Pub Date : 2001-11-11 DOI: 10.1115/imece2001/sera-24005
R. Barnett, Raymond B. Wambaja
{"title":"International Safety Alert Symbol","authors":"R. Barnett, Raymond B. Wambaja","doi":"10.1115/imece2001/sera-24005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/sera-24005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 With the adoption of the international safety alert symbol, the safety profession has lost an important weapon in the war against injury. The symbol is not uniquely associated with safety, it does not have an optimum shape and it has no intrinsic pictorial to communicate danger to untrained people from every culture. The symbol represents a tragic “missed opportunity” for mobilizing personal vigilance.","PeriodicalId":334155,"journal":{"name":"Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122307590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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